tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55366339098633617962024-03-19T09:53:33.666-07:00UGC NET JRF Journalism and Mass Communication A All in one guide for UGC NET JRF Journalism and Mass Communication.Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.comBlogger28125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-78454646190736374352018-08-01T01:49:00.002-07:002018-08-01T01:49:56.566-07:00UGC NET July 2018 Result Out<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
UGC NET Exam July 2018 result has been declared.<div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-6840299522697165092018-07-24T08:33:00.000-07:002018-07-24T08:33:01.608-07:00UGC Official Answer Key Journalism and Mass Communication<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">UGC NET July 2018 Mass Communication Answer Key</span></div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-39709145504700243442018-07-10T00:27:00.000-07:002018-07-10T00:27:19.631-07:00UGC NET Paper I Answer Key July 2018<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-24930530429731813472018-05-09T08:44:00.000-07:002018-05-09T14:04:07.274-07:00UGC NET Basic NIOS Notes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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UGC NET Basic notes for UGC NET July 2018<br />
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-8275810898598341712018-03-21T10:20:00.000-07:002018-03-21T10:23:03.319-07:00Communication Theories and Proponents<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Read all of these and their theories.</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Action Assembly Theory
- Irving Janis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Adaptive Structuration Theory - Marshall Scott
Poole</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Agenda Setting Theory - Maxwell McCombs &
Donald Shaw</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Anxiety-Uncertainty Management Theory -</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white;">William Gudykunst</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Attribution Theory - Fritz Heider</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Categorical Imperative - Immanuel Kant</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Cognitive Dissonance - Leon Festinger</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Communication Accommodation Theory -</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Howard Giles</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Communitarian Ethics - Clifford Christians</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Communication Privacy Management Theory -</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Sandra Petronio</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Constructivism - Jesse Delia</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Coordinated Management of Meaning - W Barnett
Pearce & Vernon Cronen</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Critical Theory - Geert Hofstede</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Critical Theory of Communication in
Organizations - Stanley Deetz</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Cultivation Theory - George Gerbner</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Cultural Approach to Organizations - Clifford
Geertz & Michael Pacanowsky</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Cultural Studies - Stuart Hall</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Dialogic Theory - Martin Buber</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Dialogic Ethics - Martin Buber</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Different Voice - Carol Gilligan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Discourse Ethics-Theory of Communicative Action
- Jürgen Habermas</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Discursive Formation - Sonja K Foss</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Dramatism - Kenneth Burke</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Elaboration Likelihood Model - Richard Petty
& John Cacippio</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Existential Theory - Carl Rogers</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Expectancy Violations Theory -Judee Burgoon</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Face Negotiation Theory - Stella Ting-Toomey</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">FIRO Theory- William Schutz</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making
- Randy</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Hirokawa & Dennis Gouran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white;">Genderlect Styles - Deborah Tannen</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">General Semantics - Alfred Korzybski</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Goals-Plans-Action Model - Elihu Katz</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Golden Mean - Aristotle</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Groupthink - Irving Janis</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Hierarchy of Needs - Abraham Maslow</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">High- and Low-Context Cultures - Edward Hall</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Information Theory - Claude Shannon & Warren
Weaver</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Information Systems Approach to Organizations</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">- Karl Weick</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Interaction Adaptation Theory - Judee Burgoon</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">The Interactional View- Paul Watzlawick</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Interaction Process Analysis - James Dillard</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Interactive Universalism - Seyla Benhabib</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Interpersonal Deception Theory - David Buller
& Judee Burgoon</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Interact System Model of Decision Emergence -</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">B Aubrey Fisher</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Linguistic Relativity - Edward Sapir and
Benjamin Lee Whorf</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Magic Bullet-Hypodermic Needle- Lazarsfeld and
Herta Herzog</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Marxism - Karl Marx</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Meaning of Meaning - I A Richards</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Media Ecology - Marshall McLuhan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">The Media Equation - Byron Reeves & Clifford
Nass</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Mediational Theory of Meaning - Charles Osgood</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Muted Group Theory - Cheris Kramarae</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Narrative Paradigm - Walter Fisher</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Performance Ethnography - Cindy O Griffin</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Principle of Veracity- Sissella Bok</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Prophetic Pragmatism - Cornel West</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Proxemic Theory - Edward Hall</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Relational Control - Millar and Rogers</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Relational Dialectics - Leslie Baxter &
Barbara Montgomery</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Resonance Principle of Communication - George
Gerbner and Tony Schwartz</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">The Rhetoric - Aristotle</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Semiotics- Roland Barthes</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Significant Choice - Thomas Nilsen</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Social Exchange Theory - John Thibaut &
Harold Kelley</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white;">Social Information Processing Theory - Joseph
Walther</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Social Judgment Theory- Muzafer Sherif</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Social Learning Theory-Social Cognition Theory -
Albert Bandura</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Social Penetration Theory - Irwin Altman &
Dalmas Taylor</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Speech Codes Theory - Gerry Philipsen</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Spiral of Silence - Elisabeth Noelle-Nuemann</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Standpoint Theory - Sandra Harding & Julia T
Wood</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Structural Linguistics - Karl Marx</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Structuration Theory - John Bowlby</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Symbolic Convergence Theory- Ernest Bormann</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Symbolic Interactionism - George Herbert Mead</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Two-Step Flow of Communication - Paul Lazarsfeld</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Uncertainty Reduction Theory - Charles Berger</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Yale Attitude Change - Carl Hovland and his
colleagues at Yale University</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Source: Unknown</b></span></span></div>
<br /></div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-65392527076468350092017-10-10T20:00:00.001-07:002020-10-27T09:35:53.591-07:00Intrapersonal Communication and related theories<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Intrapersonal communication is one-way communication. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Individual contemplation, internal reflection, prayers, etc. are types of intrapersonal communication. This type can also be termed as a form of internal persuasion. There are two types of messages, nonverbal and verbal. Examples of nonverbal communication are facial expressions, posture, gestures, tone of voice, touching, spacing and systematic use of time. Verbal communication can be divided into three disciplines; syntactics,semantics, and pragmatics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In the persuasion context, one person is attempting to induce change in the belief, attitude, or behavior in one other person. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>For example:</b> Jane persuading her sister Sarah to lend her pearls for Jane school party.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In the persuasion context, there are various theories that explain internal communication : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Balance Theory</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This theory advocated by Fritz Heider and Theodore Newcomb </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">in 1946 states that when tensions arise between or inside people, they attempt to reduce these tensions through self-persuasion or trying to persuade others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> Balance theory proposes that there are three ways in which a person can feel balance. First the source and receiver can both dislike as well as like each other, so they experience comfort and balance. Second, the source and receiver can have a positive attitude toward an object or idea and display positive feelings toward one another, therefore experiencing comfort and balance. Third, the source and the receiver can disagree about an idea or object and also dislike each other, therefore experiencing comfort because they know that they disagree about the values of certain objects or ideas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> <b>Example: </b>Mary likes to do things in a planned, orderly manner and Joe does not like orderliness in everything.Yet Mary likes Adam, and values their relationship therefore this system is now in imbalance. If Mary would change her attitude about orderliness in everything, this system would be in balance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Cognitive Dissonance Theory</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> This theory propagated by Leon Festinger in 1962 says that human beings often have conflicting beliefs with actions they take, or other beliefs they have. This dissonance creates a tension and tension reduction is automatically sought by changing our evaluations by some degree. Cognitive Dissonance is when you have two good choices and you make your decision then you find yourself unsure or in doubt about the choice you made. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> The theory of Cognitive Dissonance implies that when there is tension we change a belief or an action. Many times selective exposure is used which prevents dissonance. This theory also implies that we experience more dissonance when the issue is more important, when we put off a decision and the decision is permanent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> <b>Example: </b>When marketers want to persuade their audience to buy a product they must convince them that this is a good action and if their beliefs do not match this action, they must persuade them to change their beliefs. For instance if a health drink is introduced in the market, and some consumers feel that it is really not essential that they switch over to the new product from their usual cereal, the advertisers will have to focus on the fact the health drink contains health benefits such as cholesterol fighting, fat reducing ingredients that their usual cereal lacks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Information Manipulation Theory (IMT)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> Theorist Steve A. McCornack propounded this theory in 1992. This states that a speaker purposefully and covertly violates one of the conversational maxims of quantity, quality, relationand manner with the intention of deceiving his/her listener.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b> Example: </b> X has an important school project due Wednesday. His professor does not accept late papers.Monday night he went to the soccer match and didn't start on the paper. Tuesday night he browsed the net for information related to the project and managed to almost finish the project. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Wednesday morning, X overslept and arrived only after class was over. He goes to see his professor immediately after. How will he answer his professor on why he wasn't in class to turn in his paper?Quantity: "I am sorry professor. I overslept."Quality: "Our power got cut and my alarm didn't go off."Relation: "I've had a really bad week. I had a fight with my roommate, I forgot to pay the electricity bill, the electricity was turned off and my boss has threatened to fire me if Iâm late again."Manner: "I badly need to score well in this project. My paper was already finished, I just overslept".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Inoculation Theory (1961) </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">by William McGuire</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">states that inoculation is used to describe the attribution of greater resistance to individuals or the process of supplying information to receivers before the communication process takes place in the hope that the information would make the receiver more resistant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> This theory stresses on the importance of the nature of the presentation of the message. One method involves passive reading in which receivers read the defensive material.Another method is to read the material and underline the passages relating to the arguments presented in the defense.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> Next, experimenters supply an outline where the defensive material is to be written out. The last method is to write out the arguments without any help.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> <b>Example:</b> McGuire's basic method included constructing a persuasive message attacking a cultural truism such as, An apple a day, keeps the doctor away. This message would contain statements like eating too many apples can cause digestive problems. Prior to this message, material would be introduced that should strengthen the belief in the truism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Rank's Model of Persuasion , 1976</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> (Theorist: Hugh Rank) states that persuaders use two major strategies to achieve their goals. These strategies are nicely set into two main schemas known as </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(1) intensify , and </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(2) downplay</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> The persuader will do this in one of four methods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">1) Intensify their own strong points.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">2) Intensify the weak points of the opposition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">3) Downplay their own weak points.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">4) Downplay the strong points of the opposition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> <b>Example:</b> While arguing about their favorite movies, Damien continues to insist to Joey that the Terminator movies were much better than the Matrix movies. Rank's Model contends that Damien will use one of four main strategies to argue his point to Joey. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">He will either:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">1) Stress the great performances that were given by Terminator lead actor Arnold Schwarzeneger,while pointing out the acclaim that he received for the movies, OR </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">2) Stress what he believed was poor acting by Matrix lead actor Keanu Reeves, OR </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">3) Downplay the weak points of the Terminator movies, OR </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">4) Downplay the terrific performance by the Matrix actors</span></div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-91994826312461185412017-05-29T06:42:00.001-07:002017-05-29T06:45:35.820-07:00UGC NET result January 2017 declared<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
UGC NET result declared.<br />
<br />
Download the cutoff list below:<br />
<br />
Click the link below--<br />
<br />
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-YMK4i-lRSvcXpTcjRRRVdDaFU/view?usp=drivesdk" target="_blank">UGC NET cutoff January 2017</a></div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-33081879750770723342017-04-30T05:53:00.001-07:002017-04-30T05:53:39.973-07:00UGC NET Mass Comm Mock Test Paper solved<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Download Mock paper with solutions from below.<br />
<br />
Also some sample material for UGC NET.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2PUlHd-FGvqTlVUemRxWFNfMm8" target="_blank">Click Here</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Courtesy: VPM Classes<br />
<br /></div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-38945988011391124962016-12-18T22:47:00.000-08:002016-12-18T22:47:26.256-08:00History of Photography<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="left" style="background-color: #9bc3d5; color: #4b5d67; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Although humans have been using sculptures and paintings for thousands of years to uncover santiran of what he saw, but the idea to look at this new mechanical began in the 18th century, when scientists became interested by a device fashioned half-scientifically known as obskura camera. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">It is a small room, dark except for the light coming through the lens in a small hole in satudinding. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The people in the room to see the sights of nature sunlit outside, which is projected on the wall opposite. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">But this santiran moment; </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">when the light outside fades, santiran disappeared.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #9bc3d5; color: #4b5d67; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">camera Obscura</span></div>
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<img alt="camera Obscura" height="213" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image002.jpg?w=465&h=213" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="465" /></div>
<div style="background-color: #9bc3d5; color: #4b5d67; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Efforts to capture and retain santiran-santiran is what produces photography. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The first experiments were made with metal plates coated with various solutions of silver.</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">These chemicals slowly break down when exposed to light. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">If the plate thus prepared was placed in a dark box (small form obskura camera) and mounted in front of a landscape or in front of an object, slowly dim shape of the object would appear on the plate. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">From the beginning are still raw is the arrival of a series of improvements in the photoreceptors, the chemicals and the camera; </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">some of the important things is illustrated by the ancient historic photography shown on the following pages.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FIRST PHOTO</span></div>
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<img align="right" alt="image005.jpg" height="214" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image005.jpg?w=285&h=214" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="285" /><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The world's first photograph made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niepce from a window at his farm house in France. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">For the "movie" Niepce using a mixture of tin plate dipekakan and he got an idea to escape from the roof tops that described above.</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">These photos are usually fixed so obvious but this version as what it actually is.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #9bc3d5; color: #4b5d67; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Below is the result of the shooting has been repaired. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Image of a Set Table is made Niepce in 1827</span></span></div>
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<img alt="image007.jpg" height="263" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image007.jpg?w=480&h=263" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="480" /></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LONG TERM EXPOSURE</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Silver plated copper plate with silver jodida record santiran a street in Paris. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In artificial daguerreotipe LJM Daguerre in 1839, there are the first person ever photographed - someone who was told that his shoes cleaned (front right). </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The road was busy but this person just long enough in place, so look for lighting by five minutes.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="image009.jpg" height="711" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image009.jpg?w=493&h=711" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="493" /></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Important Experiments </strong><strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">on Copper</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The first successful attempt at capturing santiran vision was performed in France in 1830 by Nicéphore Niepce, an inventor, and Louis JM Daguerre, a stage designer.</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Actually Niepcelah people who feel honored to make the first photograph in the world.</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">But Daguerre was the person who started photography by imposing mercury vapor on a copper plate sensitive to bring up santiran much sharper than ever can be made in advance people. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Although no copies can be made from a picture of it, daguerreotipe is highly profitable and made wealthy inventor.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="image011.jpg" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image011.jpg?w=500" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Daguerre IN DAGUERREOTIPE</span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">First Film of Paper</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">At the same time an Englishman, Fox Talbot, was making "movies" findings in the form of silver chloride coated paper. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The result is a negative paper that can reproduce much mold with pressed on sensitized paper and let it penetrated by sunlight.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="image013.jpg" height="299" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image013.jpg?w=799&h=299" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="799" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In a photograph made in 1845 is Fox Talbot in advance laboratory studio showcase the efficacy of this discovery can process paper (from left) Talbot middle photograph (reproduction) painting, photographing people sitting amid Talbot, Talbot is printing using the "movie paper" was on shelf in the sunlight and Talbot when memmotret sculpture.</span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Better Results with Glass Wet</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Daguerreotipe and paper negatives Talbot forgotten by the year 1860 after the introduction of the film from the glass plate is chemically treated. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Glass is an excellent base for sensitive chemical emulsion because completely transparent and does not impede the passage of light, allowing the bright and sharp prints. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Problems attach emulsion onto the glass broken by an Englishman, Scott Archer, 1851. He used a sticky liquid called kolodium. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Wet plates had to be prepared, exposed and washed in place, before the emulsion dries sensitivity. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">This process is a hassle, but it is good enough so that the photographer is eager to carry heavy equipment around the world.</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Two pioneers such is William H. Jackson, who photographed the American West Region, and an Englishman, Roger Fenton, the ancient war photographer.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="image015.jpg" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image015.jpg?w=500" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">JACKSON IN ACTION</span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">At the top of Glacier Point, in what is now Yosemite National Park, California, Jackson set the wet plate camera for photographing landscapes. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Between 1866 and 1879 he was wandering in the Western District of America, and create thousands of photos. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">His photographs are very popular and influential landscape shots to persuade the US Congress to create national parks across America</span></span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">WORKSHOP EASY TO BRING</strong></div>
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<img alt="image017.jpg" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image017.jpg?w=500" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In the Western District American, William H. Jackson working with wet plates in a dark room, a tent near the railroad tracks in Utah. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">He photographed train crew in exchange for a free ride.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TOOLS FOR WET PLATE</span></div>
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<img alt="image019.jpg" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image019.jpg?w=500" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The tools is needed to create an image on a wet plate. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Glass plates clamped (left) to be cleaned and digilapkan. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kolodium sticky poured on the glass, which is then dipped in a bath plate (tengoh), the plate gets a layer of silver nitrate solution. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The plate is placed in a container (depon) that can be inserted in the camera (belohang, right) without touching the surface Iengketnya on sesuatu.Sesudah lighting, a pistol butt (right) used to soak the plate in the washing liquid. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The weight of all this equipment can mcncapai 50 kilograms.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Photographer WAR CREAM</strong></div>
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<img alt="image021.jpg" height="417" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image021.jpg?w=491&h=417" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="491" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Roger Fenton was a British lawyer who with his assistants carry a photo-lab-this traveling to the Crimea in 1855. In the carriage, Fenton store five cameras, 700 glass plates, and boxes of chemicals, as well as sleeping tents, and food. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">He explored the campsite and battlefields. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">He often stopped by British troops who insisted that they were photographed.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dry Plates miracle</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Experiments were struggling fiercely with the wet plate portraits ended in 1876 with the arrival of the dry plate - square glass as before, but this time the sensitivity emulsion layer gelatin detained by fast drying. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Formula gelatin dikernbangkan first in 1871 by an English physician, Richard L. Maddox. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Unless plates can be prepared beforehand, gelatin itself increase the sensitivity to 60 times faster than the first wet plate. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Now, for the first time, the action can be "terminated" with a fast exposure time.</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The new plate was immediately rnenimbulkan dalarn change camera model. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Until that time, photographs are made by removing the lens cap on the camera, because the lighting is measured ticking or bermenit; </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">and "movie" is very slow so as not to catch sight of the photographer the finger. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Now, with the faster plate, cover mechanically complex required to enter a glimpse of light through the lens. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Photos of dramatic new action soon follow. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Eadweard Muybridge made a vital study of locomotion, reducing the exposure to a fraction of a second. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The pictures he made the first time lets people see how they actually move.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="image023.jpg" height="549" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image023.jpg?w=487&h=549" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="487" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ACTION PHOTOS berangkai</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Muybridge made a study of motion in several ways. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In the two series above it synchronizing front and rear view of the girl walking. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In three series under he uses three cameras to various views of a girl who threw a handkerchief. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">This motion study invaluable means for artists and doctors who teach disabled people walk. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Muybridge first worked with wet plate. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Only after wearing dry plates faster, he developed the technique of stop-motion that made him famous - and notorious, because a lot of the circuit in the form of the nude</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A row LENS</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A camera lens 12 was designed by Muybridge to make successive images as complicated as on the opposite page. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pickers snapped in succession, each disputing a split second. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">What appear to be the lens 13 (left) is actually a lens that controls pemumpun pumpun all other lenses.</span></span></div>
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<img align="right" alt="image025.jpg" class="alignleft" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image025.jpg?w=500" style="display: inline; float: left; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 7px 2px 0px; padding: 4px;" /></div>
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<img alt="image027.jpg" height="316" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image027.jpg?w=519&h=316" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="519" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">METHOD THREE-CAMERA Muybridge</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">To shoot the girl who threw the handkerchief on the image side, three lens camera aiming Muybridge 12 -one from the side, one of the front corner and one from the back corner. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pickers are synchronized so that the lens-lens work in unison. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">These three images above each is an image taken by a fourth lens on each camera. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Saw the round view of the movement of the girl.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Photography </strong><strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">for Everyone</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The invention of roll film and the camera box object carried in the hand that is easy to use open fields for amateur photography. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A man named George Eastman is a core force in the renewal of this flagrant. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">As an entrepreneur dry plates in Rochester, New York, Eastman began to question why breakable glass plates and the weight can not be replaced with something better. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Is not just a glass pedestal emulsion? </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Why not use a flexible material, something that can be rolled up on a piston and a camera placed in such a way that one can order each time was exposed? </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In 1889, Henry M. Reichenbach, an Eastman employee had perfected such emulsions pedestal, made of a mixture of nitrocellulose and wood alcohol. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The discovery turned out to be so successful that it is used all over the world until the 1930s - when a material which is not so flammable, cellulose acetate, replace it. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Meanwhile, Eastman enhance the film reels and cameras that contain it - Kodak. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Everything is contained in this first Kodak unique, including its name, composed by Eastman. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kodak is a superior simplicity shortening the photographic process into two easy steps: see objects through reconnaissance and massaging pickers. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The camera is small and light; </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">berpumpun lens can capture everything clearly within three meters. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Film installed at the factory and after 100 times the camera scene were sent to the Eastman Company, where the film was washed, printed and returned with a camera that has been filled again. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kodak was appalling - millions and millions sold worldwide: Eastman motto "You push the button, then submit it to us," became an international byword, so even appeared in Gilbert and Sullivan operetta, Utopia, Unlimited, in 1893.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="image031.jpg" height="128" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image031.jpg?w=162&h=128" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="162" /> <img alt="image029.jpg" height="246" src="https://teddykw4.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/image029.jpg?w=192&h=246" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="192" /></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">KODAK FIRST</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kodak original inner mechanism released above this ideal for roll film newly discovered. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">This film can be used for 100 photos; </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The new order can be placed into position by hand after each round lighting. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Cover photo round eliminates edge tends to become blurred. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">On the right side, George Eastman, on the boat, pointing the new discovery while a friend took a picture with other Kodak.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f4.jpg" style="color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter wp-image-763" data-attachment-id="763" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="f1" data-large-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f1.jpg?w=500" data-medium-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f1.jpg?w=300" data-orig-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f1.jpg" data-orig-size="1370,426" data-permalink="https://teddykw2.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/sejarah-fotografi/f1/" height="122" src="https://i0.wp.com/blogs.unpad.ac.id/teddykw/files/2012/04/f1-300x93.jpg" style="border-color: rgb(127, 29, 29); display: block; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;" width="396" /><img alt="" class="aligncenter wp-image-765" data-attachment-id="765" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="f2" data-large-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f2.jpg?w=500" data-medium-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f2.jpg?w=300" data-orig-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f2.jpg" data-orig-size="1368,444" data-permalink="https://teddykw2.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/sejarah-fotografi/f2/" height="127" src="https://i0.wp.com/blogs.unpad.ac.id/teddykw/files/2012/04/f2-300x97.jpg" style="border-color: rgb(127, 29, 29); display: block; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;" width="394" /><img alt="" class="aligncenter wp-image-767" data-attachment-id="767" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="f3" data-large-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f3.jpg?w=500" data-medium-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f3.jpg?w=300" data-orig-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f3.jpg" data-orig-size="1375,441" data-permalink="https://teddykw2.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/sejarah-fotografi/f3/" height="124" src="https://i1.wp.com/blogs.unpad.ac.id/teddykw/files/2012/04/f3-300x96.jpg" style="border-color: rgb(127, 29, 29); display: block; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;" width="390" /><img alt="" class="aligncenter wp-image-769" data-attachment-id="769" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="f4" data-large-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f4.jpg?w=500" data-medium-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f4.jpg?w=300" data-orig-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/f4.jpg" data-orig-size="1418,449" data-permalink="https://teddykw2.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/sejarah-fotografi/f4/" height="120" src="https://i0.wp.com/blogs.unpad.ac.id/teddykw/files/2012/04/f4-300x94.jpg" style="border-color: rgb(127, 29, 29); display: block; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;" width="388" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kodak perpetuate nearly every view, as seen in the photographs from the 1890's.</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Travelers equip itself with Kodak and snapped whatever the natives while photographing tourists. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Everywhere people capture on film what they see his eyes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The start of Color Photography</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">It is surprising that some of the works have been created colored since a century ago.</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">At that time James Clerk Maxwell of Scotland demonstrated that color photos can be created by breaking an object into the three primary colors - red, green and blue - with filters. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">What a pity that the system requires three separate photos, each of which reveals a color. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">New in 1904 one finds a color system that is reliable, and only using one camera. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">This is achieved in France by the Lumiere brothers to the process that they call autokrom. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The secret is in the "movies" they are in the form of a glass plate coated with microscopic starch grains, each of which is colored red, green or blue. </span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The idea of inserting particles divergent color into the film itself is still being followed until today.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/foto-warna-pertama.png" style="color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-759" data-attachment-id="759" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="foto warna pertama" data-large-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/foto-warna-pertama.png?w=327" data-medium-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/foto-warna-pertama.png?w=218" data-orig-file="https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/foto-warna-pertama.png" data-orig-size="327,450" data-permalink="https://teddykw2.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/sejarah-fotografi/foto-warna-pertama/" height="300" src="https://i2.wp.com/blogs.unpad.ac.id/teddykw/files/2012/04/foto-warna-pertama-218x300.png" style="border: 0px none; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="218" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<span style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The first color photograph was simply a ceramic tile</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">COLOUR AT THE BEGINNING OF THE BEGINNING</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Photo above ceramic tiles made by cousin Nicéphore Niepce in 1867. "Movies" it is a silver plate which can be colored dipekakan particular under the influence of sunlight.</span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">AUTHOR: </span>Teddy K Wirakusumah</b></div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-53535538667854617822016-11-29T01:30:00.000-08:002016-11-29T01:30:56.452-08:00Sociological media theories<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Three main sociological perspectives on the role of media exist: the limited‐effects theory, the class‐dominant theory, and the culturalist theory.</span><br />
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<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Limited-effects theory</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;" /></span></h3>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="zgourides6157c16-sec2-0001" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #008cba; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The </span><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">limited‐effects theory</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> argues that because people generally choose what to watch or read based on what they already believe, media exerts a negligible influence. This theory originated and was tested in the 1940s and 1950s. Studies that examined the ability of media to influence voting found that well‐informed people relied more on personal experience, prior knowledge, and their own reasoning. However, media “experts” more likely swayed those who were less informed. Critics point to two problems with this perspective. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">First, they claim that limited‐effects theory ignores the media's role in framing and limiting the discussion and debate of issues. How media frames the debate and what questions members of the media ask change the outcome of the discussion and the possible conclusions people may draw. Second, this theory came into existence when the availability and dominance of media was far less widespread. </span><br />
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<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Class-dominant theory</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;" /></span></h3>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="zgourides6157c16-sec2-0002" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #008cba; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The </span><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">class‐dominant theory</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> argues that the media reflects and projects the view of a minority elite, which controls it. Those people who own and control the corporations that produce media comprise this elite. Advocates of this view concern themselves particularly with massive corporate mergers of media organizations, which limit competition and put big business at the reins of media—especially news media. Their concern is that when ownership is restricted, a few people then have the ability to manipulate what people can see or hear. For example, owners can easily avoid or silence stories that expose unethical corporate behavior or hold corporations responsible for their actions.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The issue of sponsorship adds to this problem. Advertising dollars fund most media. Networks aim programming at the largest possible audience because the broader the appeal, the greater the potential purchasing audience and the easier selling air time to advertisers becomes. Thus, news organizations may shy away from negative stories about corporations (especially parent corporations) that finance large advertising campaigns in their newspaper or on their stations. Television networks receiving millions of dollars in advertising from companies like Nike and other textile manufacturers were slow to run stories on their news shows about possible human‐rights violations by these companies in foreign countries. Media watchers identify the same problem at the local level where city newspapers will not give new cars poor reviews or run stories on selling a home without an agent because the majority of their funding comes from auto and real estate advertising. This influence also extends to programming. In the 1990s a network cancelled a short‐run drama with clear religious sentiments, </span><em style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit;">Christy,</em><span style="background-color: white; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">because, although highly popular and beloved in rural America, the program did not rate well among young city dwellers that advertisers were targeting in ads.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Critics of this theory counter these arguments by saying that local control of news media largely lies beyond the reach of large corporate offices elsewhere, and that the quality of news depends upon good journalists. They contend that those less powerful and not in control of media have often received full media coverage and subsequent support. As examples they name numerous environmental causes, the anti‐nuclear movement, the anti‐Vietnam movement, and the pro‐Gulf War movement.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">While most people argue that a corporate elite controls media, a variation on this approach argues that a politically “liberal” elite controls media. They point to the fact that journalists, being more highly educated than the general population, hold more liberal political views, consider themselves “left of center,” and are more likely to register as Democrats. They further point to examples from the media itself and the statistical reality that the media more often labels conservative commentators or politicians as “conservative” than liberals as “liberal.”</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Media language can be revealing, too. Media uses the terms “arch” or “ultra” conservative, but rarely or never the terms “arch” or “ultra” liberal. Those who argue that a political elite controls media also point out that the movements that have gained media attention—the environment, anti‐nuclear, and anti‐Vietnam—generally support liberal political issues. Predominantly conservative political issues have yet to gain prominent media attention, or have been opposed by the media. Advocates of this view point to the Strategic Arms Initiative of the 1980s Reagan administration. Media quickly characterized the defense program as “Star Wars,” linking it to an expensive fantasy. The public failed to support it, and the program did not get funding or congressional support.</span><br />
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<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Culturalist theory</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;" /></span></h3>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="zgourides6157c16-sec2-0003" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #008cba; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The </span><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">culturalist theory</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, developed in the 1980s and 1990s, combines the other two theories and claims that people interact with media to create their own meanings out of the images and messages they receive. This theory sees audiences as playing an active rather than passive role in relation to mass media. One strand of research focuses on the audiences and how they interact with media; the other strand of research focuses on those who produce the media, particularly the news.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Theorists emphasize that audiences choose what to watch among a wide range of options, choose how much to watch, and may choose the mute button or the VCR remote over the programming selected by the network or cable station. Studies of mass media done by sociologists parallel text‐reading and interpretation research completed by linguists (people who study language). Both groups of researchers find that when people approach material, whether written text or media images and messages, they interpret that material based on their own knowledge and experience. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: latoregular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Thus, when researchers ask different groups to explain the meaning of a particular song or video, the groups produce widely divergent interpretations based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, and religious background. Therefore, culturalist theorists claim that, while a few elite in large corporations may exert significant control over what information media produces and distributes, personal perspective plays a more powerful role in how the audience members interpret those messages.</span></div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-42871124021909714692016-09-09T23:36:00.001-07:002016-09-09T23:38:53.333-07:00History of Cable<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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History of Cable</h1>
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In the past 65 years, cable has emerged from a fledgling novelty for a handful of households to the nation’s preeminent provider of digital television, movies and state-of-the-art broadband Internet service available to millions of Americans.</h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Today, thanks to broadband cable and other breakthroughs, the technological landscape is unrecognizable compared with even a few years ago. Consumers now enjoy video content and Internet access from multiple services on multiple devices. They can go online anytime, anywhere with more options and opportunities than ever.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.calcable.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Timeline-lrg.gif" style="border: 0px; color: #115685; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Timeline" class="size-full wp-image-726 aligncenter" height="237" src="https://www.calcable.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Timeline.gif" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" width="608" /></a></div>
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<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Click on the graph above for a more in depth view.</em></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The 1940s and 1950s</span></strong></h3>
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Cable television originated in the United States almost simultaneously in Arkansas, Oregon and Pennsylvania in 1948 to enhance poor reception of over-the-air television signals in mountainous or geographically remote areas. “Community antennas” were erected on mountain tops or other high points, and homes were connected to the antenna towers to receive the broadcast signals.</div>
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By 1952, 70 “cable” systems served 14,000 subscribers nationwide.</div>
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In the late 1950s, cable operators began to take advantage of their ability to pick up broadcast signals from hundreds of miles away. Access to these “distant signals” began to change the focus of cable’s role from one of transmitting local broadcast signals to one of providing new programming choices.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The 1960s</span></strong></h3>
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By 1962, almost 800 cable systems serving 850,000 subscribers were in business. Well-known corporate names like Westinghouse, TelePrompTer and Cox began investing in the business, complementing the efforts of early entrepreneurs like Bill Daniels, Martin Malarkey and Jack Kent Cooke.</div>
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The growth of cable through the importation of distant signals was viewed as competition by local television stations. Responding to broadcast industry concerns, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) expanded its jurisdiction and placed restrictions on the ability of cable systems to import distant television signals. As a result of these restrictions, there was a “freeze” effect on the development of cable systems in major markets, lasting into the early ‘70s (see below).</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The 1970s</span></strong></h3>
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In the early 1970s, the FCC continued its restrictive policies by enacting regulations that limited the ability of cable operators to offer movies, sporting events, and syndicated programming.</div>
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The freeze on cable’s development lasted until 1972, when a policy of gradual cable deregulation led to, among other things, modified restrictions on the importation of distant signals. The clamp on growth had adverse financial effects, especially on access to capital. Money for cable growth and expansion all but dried up for several years.</div>
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However, concerted industry efforts at the federal, state, and local levels resulted in the continued lessening</div>
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of restrictions on cable throughout the decade. These changes, coupled with cable’s pioneering of satellite communications technology, led to a pronounced growth of services to consumers and a substantial increase in cable subscribers.</div>
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In 1972, Charles Dolan and Gerald Levin of Sterling Manhattan Cable launched the nation’s first pay-TV network, Home Box Office (HBO). This venture led to the creation of a national satellite distribution system that used a newly approved domestic satellite transmission. Satellites changed the business dramatically, paving the way for the explosive growth of program networks.</div>
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The second service to use the satellite was a local television station in Atlanta that broadcast primarily sports and classic movies. The station, owned by R.E. “Ted” Turner, was distributed by satellite to cable systems nationwide, and soon became known as the first “superstation,” WTBS.</div>
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By the end of the decade, growth had resumed, and nearly 16 million households were cable subscribers.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The 1980s</span></strong></h3>
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The 1984 Cable Act established a more favorable regulatory framework for the industry, stimulating investment in cable plant and programming on an unprecedented level.</div>
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Deregulation provided by the 1984 Act had a strong positive effect on the rapid growth of cable services. From 1984 through 1992, the industry spent more than $15 billion on the wiring of America, and billions more on program development. This was the largest private construction project since World War II.</div>
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Satellite delivery, combined with the federal government’s relaxation of cable’s restrictive regulatory structure, allowed the cable industry to become a major force in providing high quality video entertainment and information to consumers. By the end of the decade, nearly 53 million households subscribed to cable, and cable program networks had increased from 28 in 1980 to 79 by 1989. Some of this growth, however, was accompanied by rising prices for consumers, incurring growing concern among policy makers.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The 1990s</span></strong></h3>
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In 1992, Congress responded to cable price increases and other market factors with legislation that once again hampered cable growth and opened heretofore “exclusive” cable programming to other competitive distribution technologies such as “wireless cable” and the emerging direct satellite broadcast (DBS) business.</div>
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In spite of the effect of the 92 Act, the number of satellite networks continued their explosive growth, based largely on the alternative idea of targeting programming to a specific “niche” audience. By the end of 1995, there were 139 cable programming services available nationwide, in addition to many regional programming networks. By the spring of 1998, the number of national cable video networks had grown to 171.</div>
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By that time, the average subscriber could choose from a wide selection of quality programming, with more than 57 percent of all subscribers receiving at least 54 channels, up from 47 in 1996. And at the end of the decade, approximately 7 in 10 television households, more than 65 million, had opted to subscribe to cable.</div>
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Also during the latter half of the decade, cable operating companies commenced a major upgrade of their distribution networks, investing $65 billion between 1996 and 2002 to build higher capacity hybrid networks of fiber optic and coaxial cable. These “broadband” networks</div>
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can provide multichannel video, two-way voice, high-speed Internet access, and high definition and advanced digital video services all on a single wire into the home.</div>
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The upgrade to broadband networks enabled cable companies to introduce high-speed Internet access to customers in the mid-90s, and competitive local telephone and digital cable services later in the decade.</div>
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Enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 once again dramatically altered the regulatory and public policy landscape for telecommunications services, spurring new competition and greater choice for consumers. It also spurred major new investment, with America’s then-largest telecommunications colossus, AT&T, entering the business in 1998, though exiting four years later (see below). Almost simultaneously, Paul Allen, a founder of Microsoft, began acquiring his own stable of cable properties. And America On-Line moved on an historic merger with Time Warner and its cable properties, to form AOL Time Warner.</div>
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A generally deregulatory environment for cable operating and programming companies enabled the cable industry to accelerate deployment of broadband services, allowing consumers in urban, suburban, and rural areas to entertain more choices in information, communications, and entertainment services.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">2000 and Beyond</span></strong></h3>
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Arrival of the new millennium brought with it hopes and plans for acceleration of advanced services over cable’s broadband networks.</div>
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As the new millennium got under way, cable companies began pilot testing video services that could change the way people watch television. Among these: video on demand, subscription video on demand, and interactive TV. The industry was proceeding cautiously in these arenas, because the cost of upgrading customer-premise equipment for compatibility with these services was substantial and required new business models that were both expansive and expensive.</div>
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In 2001, partly in response to those demands, AT&T agreed to fold its cable systems with those of Comcast Corp., creating the largest ever cable operator with more than 22 million customers.</div>
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Lower cost digital set-top boxes that started to become the norm in customer homes in the mid 1990s proved effective in accommodating the launch of many of the new video services. In general, however, more expensive technology would still be required for cable to begin delivery of advances such as high definition television services, being slowly introduced by off-air broadcast stations as well as by cable networks such as HBO, Showtime, Discovery, and ESPN.</div>
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By 2002, the cable landscape largely reflected the findings of a study sponsored by the Cable & Telecommunications Association for Marketing (CTAM). The study showed that roughly two of every three U.S. households had access to three cutting-edge communication tools: cable television, cellular phones and personal computers. Digital cable could be found in 18 percent of U.S. television homes, suggesting an overall digital cable penetration among cable customers in the range of 27 percent. As for data services, the research revealed that 20 percent of cable customers with PCs are using high-speed modems today.</div>
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Cable operators with upgraded two-way plant have been witnessing dramatic growth in “broadband” data. Cable has quickly become the technology of choice for such services, outpacing rival technologies, such as digital subscriber line (DSL) service, offered by phone companies, by a margin of 2 to 1. Subscribership to high-speed Internet access service via cable modems had grown to more than 10 million by the end of the third quarter of 2002.</div>
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As for telephone service using the cable conduit, growth was evident in all the limited market areas where such service was offered. More than 2 million customers were using cable for their phone connections by mid 2002.</div>
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To accommodate accelerating demand, cable programmers are rapidly expanding their menu of digital cable offerings. By 2002, about 280 nationally-delivered cable networks were available, with that number growing steadily.</div>
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At the end of 2002, the consumer electronics and cable industries reached a “plug-and-play” agreement that allowed “one-way” digital television sets to be connected directly to cable systems without the need for a set-top box. These new sets are marketed under the name Digital Cable Ready television sets (DCRs). A security device called a CableCARD is provided by cable operators to allow cable customers to view encrypted digital programming after it is authorized to do so by the cable operator. Talks to resolve issues related to “two-way” digital television sets began in 2003 and continue.</div>
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The digital TV transition leapt forward in 2003, as substantial gains were made in the deployment of High-Definition Television (HDTV), Video-on-Demand (VOD), digital cable, and other advanced services. Competitive digital phone service gained momentum as cable introduced Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone services. At the start of 2006, cable companies counted a total of about 5 million telephone customers, representing VoIP customers and customers for traditional circuit switched telephone service.</div>
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An NCTA survey of the top 10 MSOs showed that by September 1 of 2004, 700 CableCARDs were installed. By mid-November, that number had grown to over 5,000 CableCARDs. One year later, at the end of 2005, NCTA estimated that number had reached 100,000.</div>
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Results at the end of the Third Quarter of 2005 provide ample evidence of the growth potential of cable’s new position as a broadband provider. Cable’s capital expenditures reached $100 billion. Cable’s high-speed Internet service ended the quarter with 24.3 million subscribers, and the number of digital cable customers had grown to 27.6 million.<br />
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Credits : www.calcable.org</div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-83021674292181219552016-07-26T12:36:00.000-07:002018-05-09T13:56:28.422-07:00Analysis of UGC NET July 2016 PAPER II Questions 1 to 20 In Depth Analysis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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NET July 2016<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">PAPER
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">Embedded
Journalism is considered as a type of_____<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="color: red;"> Right answer is military offensive</span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Embedded journalism refers to <b>news reporters being </b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>attached
to military units involved in armed conflicts.</b> While the term could be applied
to many historical interactions between journalists and military personnel, it </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">first came to be used in the media coverage
of the 2003 invasion of Iraq</b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">. The United States military responded to
pressure from the country's news media who were disappointed by the level of
access granted during the 1991 Gulf War and the 2001 U.S. invasion of
Afghanistan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> At
the start of the war in March 2003, as many as 775 reporters and photographers
were traveling as embedded journalists. These reporters signed contracts with
the military promising not to report information that could compromise unit
position, future missions, classified weapons, and information they might find.
Joint training for war correspondents started in November 2002 in advance of
start of the war. When asked why the military decided to embed journalists with
the troops, Lt. Col. Rick Long of the U.S. Marine Corps replied, "Frankly,
our job is to win the war. Part of that is information warfare. So we are going
to attempt to dominate the information environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> An
offensive is a military operation that seeks through aggressive projection of
armed force to occupy territory, gain an objective or achieve some larger strategic,
operational or tactical goal. Another term for an offensive often used by the
media is 'invasion', or the more general 'attack'.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">2. Inner Margin of a book or document refers to ___________</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">The right answer is <span style="color: red;">Gutter Margin.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> <b> </b></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Footnote</b>
is an additional piece of information printed at the bottom of a page.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
publishing, a <b>colophon</b> is a brief statement containing information about the
publication of a book such as the place of publication, the publisher, and the
date of publication. A colophon may also be emblematic or pictorial in nature.
Colophons were formerly printed at the ends of books, but in modern works they
are usually located at the verso of the title-leaf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>The gutter margin</b> is a typographical term used to designate an
additional margin added to a page layout to compensate for the part of the
paper made unusable by the binding process. In a facing pages layout (Word
refers to this type of layout as "mirror margins"), the gutter margin
is on the very inside of both pages. So this is the Correct answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>A
swash</b> is a typographical flourish, such as an exaggerated serif, terminal,
tail, entry stroke, etc., on a glyph. The use of swash characters dates back to
at least the 16th century, as they can be seen in Ludovico Vicentino degli
Arrighi's La Operina, which is dated 1522. As with italic type in general, they
were inspired by the conventions of period handwriting. Arrighini's designs
influenced designers in Italy and particularly in France.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO8UeeGNHlVYRMKSyvWf_5Aj7viT0MlWQePElXU1YXatJ2C9k6AUBKhyTHnyaoiV6w46IlihuILYt03W1x1JNupObMLxUa-0p8xc7lHs8Sx6mqhwH7Iq4CieO5fNJHlaEua2ePtQVh3QBQ/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO8UeeGNHlVYRMKSyvWf_5Aj7viT0MlWQePElXU1YXatJ2C9k6AUBKhyTHnyaoiV6w46IlihuILYt03W1x1JNupObMLxUa-0p8xc7lHs8Sx6mqhwH7Iq4CieO5fNJHlaEua2ePtQVh3QBQ/s1600/3.png" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div data-WRID="WRID-152498696548934320" data-widgetType="Push Content" data-class="affiliateAdsByFlipkart" height="250" width="300"></div><script async src="//affiliate.flipkart.com/affiliate/widgets/FKAffiliateWidgets.js"></script>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> Magazines have well-defined formats to reach out to _______</span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">The editor is committed to the magazine, to it reaching a </span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">readership, to its
identity and survival. So the right</span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">answer is <span style="color: red;">select audiences.</span></span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Factor of <span style="color: red;">__Localisation__</span> has contributed for
the emergence of a specialized media audience.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> In Semiotics, smoke is considered as________</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">The right answer is <span style="color: red;">Indexical communication.</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Based on the ideas of Peirce, three modes
of relationship between sign vehicles and their referents are commonly referred
to. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Symbolic</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">: a sign which does not
resemble the signified but which is 'arbitrary' or purely conventional
(e.g. the word 'stop', a red traffic light, a national flag, a number);</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Iconic</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">: a sign which resembles the
signified (e.g. a portrait, a cinematic image, an x-ray, a diagram, a
scale-model, onomatopoeia, 'realistic' sounds in music, sound effects in
radio drama, a dubbed film soundtrack, imitative gestures);<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Indexical</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">: a sign which is directly
connected in some way (existentially or causally) to the signified (<b>e.g. smoke</b>, weathercock,
thermometer, clock, spirit-level, footprint, fingerprint, knock on door,
pulse rate, rashes, pain).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">In
communication, pleasure results from a particular relationship between meanings
and <span style="color: red;">__Power.</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>This is taken from John
Fiske’s book “Television Culture”. Below is a paragraph from his book.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pleasure
results from a particular relationship between meanings and power. </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pleasure
for the subordinate is produced by the assertion of one’s social identity in
resistance to, in independence of, or in negotiation with, the structure of
domination. There is no pleasure in being a “cultural dope”: there is, however,
real pleasure to be found in, for example, soap operas that assert the
legitimacy of feminine meanings and identities within and against patriarchy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">“
Another Communication is ____ <span style="color: red;">receiver centric.</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Growth of a Deeper Understanding of the Nature of Communication Itself The
perspective on communication has changed. As explained above, early models in
the 50s and 60s saw the communication process simply as a message going from a
sender to a receiver (that is, Laswell’s classic S-M-R model). The emphasis was
mainly sender- and media-centric; the stress laid on the freedom of the press,
the absence of censorship, and so on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Since the 70s, however, communication has
become more receiver- and message-centric. The emphasis now is more on the
process of communication (that is, the exchange of meaning) and on the
significance of this process (that is, the social relationships created by
communication and the social institutions and context which result from such
relationships).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>‘Another’ communication</b> “favours
multiplicity, smallness of scale, locality, de-institutionalisation,
interchange of sender-receiver roles (and) horizontality of communication links
at all levels of society” (McQuail, 1983:97). As a result, the focus moves from
a ‘communicator-‘ to a <b>more
‘receiver-centric’ orientation</b>, with the resultant emphasis on meaning
sought and ascribed rather than information transmitted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> The term ‘audiences’recognizes ___ <span style="color: red;">The
resistance</span>__ of media consumers.</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In my opinion resistance is the appropriate
word. Some of the related lines below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <span style="background: white; color: #252525;">Audience
can be active (constantly filtering or <b>resisting</b>
content) or passive (complying and vulnerable).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Audiencehood
and consumerhood should be seen as process where the elements of both <b>power and resistance</b> work
simultaneously.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Louis
Wirth and Talcott Parsons see mass communication as a tool of __________.</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Theorists such as Louis
Wirth and Talcott Parsons have emphasized the importance of mass media as
instrument of <span style="color: red;"><b>social control (Right
answer).</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Louis Wirth</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">studied in the United States and became
a leading figure in Chicago School Sociology. His interests included city life,
minority group behaviour and mass media and he is recognised as one of the
leading urban sociologists. Wirth's major contribution to social theory of
urban space was a classic essay Urbanism as a Way of Life, published in the
American Journal of Sociology in 1938.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His research was mostly
concerned with how Jewish immigrants adjusted to life in urban America, as well
as the distinct social processes of city life. Wirth was a supporter of applied
sociology, and believed in taking the knowledge offered by his discipline and
using it to solve real social problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Talcott Parsons</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
(December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979) is an American sociologist of the classical
tradition, <b>best known for his social
action theory and structural functionalism.</b> Parsons is considered one of
the most influential figures in the early development of American sociology.
After earning a PhD in economics, he served on the faculty at Harvard
University from 1927 to 1979, and in 1930, was among the first professors in
its newly created sociology department.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Based on empirical data,
Parsons' social action theory was the first broad, systematic, and
generalizable theory of social systems developed in the United States. For this
reason, his contemporaries viewed him as the founder of scientific sociology
and Auguste Comte, the founder of the discipline, once called him, "the
founder of the religion of humanity".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"> When the consequences of exposure to a
communicated message get delayed, it is known as _________________.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: red;">Sleeper Effect (Right Answer)</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">If you
are interested in persuasion and understanding how a person's attitude might
change over time, then you will want to know about the <b>sleeper effect</b>.
<b>A concept in psychology, it describes
the way a message, when paired with some sort of discounting cue, has a delayed
impact on the recipient.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">A useful,
concrete example is advertising. Have you ever seen a TV ad that plays again
and again? Maybe it was an ad for a breakfast cereal or a car that appealed to
you. However, as you saw the same ad the next day, and then again the day after
that, it might have started to lose some of its excitement and appeal. In fact,
you probably started to get tired of that cereal brand or car even before you
tried it for yourself. This is normal; research shows that exposure to the same
message multiple times leads to a decrease in the message's efficacy. Most
viewers gradually return to their original attitude about the subject of the persuasion,
in this case the commercials' products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">On the
other hand, maybe you have seen an ad accompanied by a disclaimer. In
psychology, we call this sort of disclaimer a <b>discounting cue</b>. The
cue could be a warning about the side effects of a preservative in the cereal
or a defect in the car's air bag. Yet another example would be a message at the
end of a political ad showing that the opposing candidate funded the ad. Any
disclaimer or reason leading you to doubt the credibility of the message's
source is a discounting cue. These cues make you skeptical about the ad's
message, and you consequently won't allow it to seriously persuade you.
However, even with the presence of a discounting cue, over time you and most
other viewers will be affected by the ad and come to accept its message. This
delayed persuasion is the sleeper effect. A good way to remember it is to think
of the ad's message as sleeping inside of you while the disclaimer is awake;
little by little, the ad's underlying message wakes up and wins you over when
the discounting cue falls to sleep!</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 17.0pt;">How It Works<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">We are
not completely sure how the sleeper effect works, but some psychologists have
hypothesized that it has to do with forgetting. According to this hypothesis,
with repeated exposure to the same message, we simply forget about the
discounting cue over time, even while we remember the underlying message!
Another, related hypothesis has to do with dissociation. Here, researchers
believe that rather than forgetting the discounting cue altogether, we
disconnect ourselves from it and prioritize the initial message, taking its
meaning more seriously once it isn't readily associated with the discounting
cue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">While
recent research on these theories seems to support the hypotheses to some
extent, the terms are too absolute in nature. Most viewers or listeners are
unlikely to forget or dissociate from the discounting cue entirely, and
certainly not quickly. Instead, we tend to do so gradually over time. There is
a slow process going on in our brains as one message fades in strength while
another grows in importance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">11.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"> Who is the author of “ Saving the Media” ?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/04/02/business/db-bookentry1/db-bookentry1-master180.jpg"
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o:title="db-bookentry1-master180"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiag7zMp0DaxBbh-6MdyNTMrpujJZdLJygJ89iKlrZpSUCO4sE9xzUJUJFYB4WfmGLE2bJHHmBO8wHjfjf8m_X3ggIZ4fmnM8siE036C74tFq1Y079P6MqLQj3BCxa1P1ZoGadh7Rzl6AAZ/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiag7zMp0DaxBbh-6MdyNTMrpujJZdLJygJ89iKlrZpSUCO4sE9xzUJUJFYB4WfmGLE2bJHHmBO8wHjfjf8m_X3ggIZ4fmnM8siE036C74tFq1Y079P6MqLQj3BCxa1P1ZoGadh7Rzl6AAZ/s320/1.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">12.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> John Fiske considers speech as a
______________</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">John
Fiske’s Codes of Television<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An
event to be televised is already encoded by <b><span style="color: red;">social codes (Right Answer)</span></b> such as those of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level one:
"REALITY"<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">appearance,
dress, make-up, environment, behavior, speech, gesture, expression, sound, etc.
these are encoded electronically by technical codes such as those of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level two: REPRESENTATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">camera,
lighting, editing, music, sound which transmit the conventional representational
codes, which shape the representations of, for example: narrative, conflict,
character, action, dialogue, setting, casting, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level three: IDEOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">which
are organized into coherence and social acceptability by the ideological codes,
such as those of: individualism, patriarchy, race, class, materialism,
capitalism, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fiske have put speech as
a social code</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">, and dialogue (i.e. scripted speech) as a
technical one, but in practice the two are almost indistinguishable: social
psychologists such as Berne (1964) have shown us how dialogue in "real life"
is frequently scripted for us by the interactional conventions of our culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">13.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> Truth of the statement is not a defence
against <span style="color: red;">___Defamation____.</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Defenses to Libel and
Slander<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Truth: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
many legal systems, adverse public statements about legal citizens presented as
fact must be proven false to be defamatory or slanderous/libellous. <b>Proving adverse public character statements
to be true is often the best defense against a prosecution for libel or
defamation.</b> Statements of opinion that cannot be proven true or false will
likely need to apply some other kind of defense. The use of the defense of
justification has dangers, however; if the defendant libels the plaintiff and
then runs the defense of truth and fails, he may be said to have aggravated the
harm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">14. Examination of professionalism is derived from the public’s right to ________.</span></b><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I
didn’t find its answer anywhere and according to me its answer is <b><span style="color: red;">Education (Right Answer).</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">15.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> The technique of propaganda is used in
international communication to manipulate <span style="color: red;">___Cognitions____.</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A working definition of propaganda which
focuses on the communication process is as follows: “<b>Propaganda</b> is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions,
<b>manipulate cognitions</b>, and direct
behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the
propagandist” ( Jowett & O'Donnell 2006 ).<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">16.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"> The protagonist of culture imperialism theory
was ___________.</span></span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Out
of the four options only <b><span style="color: red;">William Hachten</span> </b></span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 19.9733px;"><span style="color: red;">(Right Answer)</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">is related to Culture imperialism
theory.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">17.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> Name the influential scholar who applied
liberation theology to education and communication in development context.</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
right answer is <b><span style="color: red;">Paolo Friere </span></b></span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 19.9733px;"><span style="color: red;">(Right Answer)</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: red;">.</span> This
question is directly lifted from book Communication for Development in the
Third World : Theory and Practice for Empowerment written by Srinivas Melkote
and H. Leslie Steeves.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
chapter 8, Communication and Spirtiality in development, “ Probably the most
influential scholar to apply liberation theology specifically to education and
communication practice in development contexts is Paolo Friere (1970,1973).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">18.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">The
notion of multiplicity of paradigm is elaborated by <span style="color: red;">__Jan Servaes___</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
the book “<b>New Frontiers in International Communication Theory</b>” written by Mehdi
Semati on 59<sup>th</sup> page it is clearly written “ <b>The new paradigm, which can be broadly described as multiplicity in one
world, is gradually emerging but still in the process of formation ( Jan
Servaes 1991, 52). This statement from Servaes, an advocate of the multiplicity
paradigm, summarizes the circumstances surrounding the emergence of the
paradigm”.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">19.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"> The dependency theory has identified obstacles
to development as _______<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">The
right answer is <span style="color: red;">External</span>.</span> </b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> In the book Appalachia’s path to dependency
written by Paul Salstrom it is clearly written, “ The insight behind dependency
theory is that economic development can be hampered not only by local obstacles
but also by obstacles that are external to a region or country. In these
regions Dependency theory can aid understanding better than can modernisation
theory”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What is Dependency
Theory?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dependency theory</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and
underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the
latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency
theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor
states are integrated into the "world system".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
theory arose as a reaction to <b>modernization
theory</b>, an earlier theory of development which held that all societies
progress through similar stages of development, that today's underdeveloped
areas are thus in a similar situation to that of today's developed areas at
some time in the past, and that therefore, the task of helping the
underdeveloped areas out of poverty is to accelerate them along this supposed
common path of development, by various means such as investment, technology
transfers, and closer integration into the world market. Dependency theory
rejected this view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are not merely
primitive versions of developed countries, but have unique features and
structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the
weaker members in a world market economy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">20.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> A systematically – qualitative data set is
amenable to ______ analysis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I could not find the
exact answer but I think the <span style="color: red;">answer is</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="color: red;"> Grounded Theory.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Grounded theory</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
is a general research method (and thus is not owned by any one school or
discipline); which guides you on matters of data collection and details
rigorous procedures for data analysis. You can use quantitative data; or
qualitative data of any type e.g. video, images, text, observations, spoken
word etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Grounded
theory is a research tool which enables you to seek out and conceptualise the
latent social patterns and structures of your area of interest through the process
of constant comparison. Initially you will use an inductive approach to
generate substantive codes from your data, later your developing theory will
suggest to you where to go next to collect data and which, more-focussed,
questions to ask. This is the deductive phase of the grounded theory process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
Copyright @vishiwjeet 2016<br />
(Not to be copied or published anywhere without author permission)</div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-83024058800326271382016-05-03T00:31:00.000-07:002016-05-03T00:31:38.038-07:00 The Evolution of Mass Communication ( Short notes) Part II (Final)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">New Media</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
· From Colossus to ENIAC, to Apple, computers & the Internet pivotal in all changes<br />
<br />
· Blogs have changed society, particularly politics.<br />
<br />
· eBay & Craigslist revolutionized retailing.<br />
<br />
· Facebook, MySpace & Twitter, Google, YouTube, Yahoo. . .<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Blogs</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
· Coined in 1997, describes web logs: daily postings with content personally posted on narrow topics, often watchdogs & self-proclaimed experts<br />
<br />
· In 1999, a few companies began offering blog software; by 2002, Pyra Labs claimed 970,000 users<br />
<br />
· Gone from obscure fad to a genuine alternative to mainstream news outlets<br />
<br />
· Strom Thurmond’s 100th birthday party marked the turning point; Trent Lott complimented Thurmond’s segregationist party involvement in his run for presidency in 1948; Lott’s comments virtually ignored by mainstream press; blogs kept it alive; 4 days later, Lott apologized; 2 weeks later, Lott was out as Senate Majority Leader<br />
<br />
· CBS’s Dan Rather (story on George W. Bush’s military stint), presidential candidate John Kerry (“Swiftboat” incident) helped cement the future importance of blogs eBay<br />
<br />
· Online selling site begun by Omidyar in 1995<br />
<br />
· Originally called AuctionWeb; 1st sold a broken laser pointer for $14.83<br />
<br />
· Bought PayPal in 2002; now have a 25% stake in Craigslist<br />
<br />
<b> </b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Craigslist</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
· Begun by Craig Newmark as e-mail list for friends; later, job & apartment listings added; now has everything!<br />
<br />
· Most postings free; expenses covered through job postings; 1 million jobs posted each month; now more than 50 million users<br />
<br />
· Negative press because of “Erotic Services” section that had been a well kept secret (now called “Adult Services”); allegedly, Philip Markoff, a Boston med student, met victims using the site; in April, 2009, Julissa Brisman killed, Markoff charged; on 8/15/10, what would have been the 1st anniversary had he gotten married, Markoff found dead in his cell, a suicide; his death has renewed interest in the site that has now been removed with “Censored” on the site instead<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Facebook</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Originally called “thefacebook.com”; begun by Harvard sophomore Zuckerberg in his dorm room as a hobby<br />
<br />
· Later extended to Stanford & Yale<br />
<br />
· Forbes called him “the youngest billionaire on earth & possibly the youngest self-made billionaire ever” (2008)<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">MySpace</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Begun by Greenspan, DeWolfe & Anderson in ’03; #1 social networking website in ‘06<br />
· In ’07:<br />
<br />
o Approximately 180 million MySpace.com accounts in ’07<br />
o Typical user has 278 “online friends”<br />
o Teens spend an average of 15 hours per week on site<br />
<br />
· Bought by News Corporation in ’05; looked like a wise decision; site steadily lost its stature over years<br />
<br />
· New team, different logo (no longer the “place for friends”), and a smaller workforce may help site bounce back<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Twitter</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Founded by Dorsey, Stone & Williams in ’06; users limited to only 140 characters; messages known as “tweets”<br />
<br />
· Postings answer the question, “What are you doing?”<br />
<br />
· Growing fast, thanks in large part to the celebrities that now have accounts Google<br />
<br />
· Founded by computer science grad students Page & Brin at Stanford in 1998<br />
<br />
· Wanted to find a way to retrieve information from the web; began the search engine BackRub that later became Google (named for the number represented by the number 1 with 100 zeros behind it)<br />
<br />
· In ‘98, Google opened its office in Menlo Park, CA; so powerful, it now owns YouTube ($1.65 billion)<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">YouTube</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Founded by Hurley, Chen & Karim in 2005; now the world’s most popular online video sharing site (people watching hundreds of thousands videos daily)<br />
<br />
· President Obama one of the 1st politicians to take advantage; his info watched for 14.5 million hours<br />
<br />
· Average viewer watches 15 minutes a day; would take two centuries to watch all of the videos<br />
<br />
· Gets two million views a day, double the number of viewers watching network television in primetime, combined<br />
<br />
· 70% of traffic comes from outside the U.S.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Yahoo!</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Begun in ‘94 by two Stanford electrical engineering Ph.D. candidates, Filo & Yang; originally begun as “David & Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web”<br />
<br />
· “Yahoo” stands for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle,” though founders say definition sold the name<br />
<br />
· Leading global Internet, commerce and media company offering services to more than 345 million each month worldwide<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Convergence</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Now allows access to all types of media products whenever desired.<br />
<br />
· Hulu is the site offered by News Corporation & General Electric; allows viewing of Fox, NBC & other network programs<br />
<br />
· TV.com is CBS’s version of Hulu offering CBS programs<br />
<br />
· ABC programming available on the network’s website & iTunes<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Concentration of Ownership</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· More media companies are owned by fewer & fewer people.<br />
<br />
· Should encourage the widest possible dissemination from diverse sources<br />
<br />
· Marketplace of ideas shrink; new & independent voices are stifled.<br />
<br />
· Osama v. O.J., Whitewater, Princess Di; embassy bombings v. Lewinsky; all focus on insignificant issues instead of pressing concerns.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Top Powerful Media Corporations (2008)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Time Warner<br />
· The Disney Company<br />
· News Corporation<br />
· General Electric/NBC Universal<br />
· Viacom<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Ted Turner & Warner Brothers Merge; Time Warner Results (#1)</span></b><br />
<br />
· Turner already owned:<br />
o CNN & Headline News<br />
o MGM/United Artist pre-1986 libraries (TNT)<br />
o Hanna-Barbera Productions (Cartoon Network)<br />
o WTBS<br />
<br />
· Turner merged w/Time Inc.; Warner Brothers merged also to become Time Warner<br />
<br />
· Time Warner owns: CW (50%), Warner Brothers, Hanna-Barbera, HBO, Cinemax, CNN, Headline News, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, TBS, Cartoon Network, AOL, Time, Sports Illustrated, People, Fortune, Atlanta Braves, New Line Cinema, Cartoon Network, DC Comics<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The Disney Company (#2)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Disney Company owns: ABC, Pixar, Disney Studios, Buena Vista, Touchstone, Miramax, ESPN, Disney Channel, ABC Family, Toon Disney, SoapNet, Classic Sports Network, pieces of Lifetime, E! (portion of), A&E, History Channel, Disneyland, Disneyworld, ESPN magazine, 62 radio stations<br />
<br />
· Previous animated hits: Beauty and the Beast, Lion King (pen & ink animation)<br />
<br />
· More recent hits: Pirates, Freaky Friday, National Treasure<br />
<br />
· Disappointments: The Alamo ($100 million), King Arthur, Around the World in 80 Days<br />
<br />
· 2001-2002, tried Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 4 times a week; rebounded with Desperate Housewives, Lost, & Grey’s Anatomy<br />
<br />
· Had the opportunity to work with Pixar<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Pixar Animation</span></b><br />
<br />
· As of January, 2006, had won 20 Academy Awards (2007’s Ratatouille : most nominated animated film)<br />
<br />
· Had a previous deal with Disney, beginning in 1991 with Toy Story (1995); shared box office receipts & licensing revenues; Disney retained the right to make sequels to movies such as Monsters Inc.<br />
<br />
· Hits: Toy Story, Toy Story 2, A Bug’s Life, Monsters Inc, Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars (all digital animation)<br />
<br />
· Steve Jobs, Apple chief executive, also owns ½+ of Pixar; talks of a deal w/Disney broke down when Michael Eisner was CEO<br />
<br />
· Cars was to be their last joint effort; Disney’s new CEO, Robert Iger, worked well with Jobs; agreed to be a major partner w/iTunes, releasing two ABC hits to Video iPod.<br />
<br />
· ABC’s release of popular programs helps cement the success of Video iPods.<br />
<br />
· New relationship helped hasten the merger; now Jobs is the largest Disney shareholder<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Power of Steve Jobs</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Named by Fortune magazine as 2007’s most powerful person in business; founded Apple Inc. in 1977; the Apple II began the PC era<br />
<br />
· Gave us “desktop publishing,” the laser printer, & pioneered personal computer networks<br />
<br />
· Bankrolled Pixar, a brand new business model for creating computer-animated feature films; Jobs bought the Pixar technology from George Lucas<br />
<br />
· Left Apple in 1985, returned in late 1996; changed consumer electronics with the iPod<br />
<br />
· Persuaded the music industry, the television networks, and Hollywood to distribute their content with iTunes Music Store; opened successful Apple Stores (retail); ushered Apple’s entry into cell phone business (iPhone)<br />
<br />
· So the five industries that Jobs has influenced:<br />
<br />
o Computers<br />
o Hollywood<br />
o Music<br />
o Retail<br />
o Wireless phones<br />
<br />
· According to Fortune, “no one has more influence over a broader swath of business” than Jobs; he figured out a reason & a way for people to pay for media<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Apple Statistics</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· Apple’s computer division had a record 2008, selling 9.7 million Macs (twice the growth of industry average); as of 2009, Apple has sold 6 billion songs in 6 years to 75 million people.<br />
<br />
· The iPhone, the 1st true mobile computer, is generating billions<br />
<br />
· Apple released the iPad (already successful)<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">News Corporation (#3) & Rupert Murdoch</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
· News Corp owns: Fox, 34 O & Os, My Network TV, 20th Century Fox, FX, Fox News Channel, Fox Movie Channel, Fox Sports, The SPEED Channel, National Geographic Channel, Madison Square Garden Network, Newspapers, satellite TV, HarperCollins, MySpace.com, Wall Street Journal<br />
<br />
· Chairman & CEO News Corp is Rupert Murdoch; Fortune named him the #2 most powerful person in business<br />
<br />
· Career began in 1953 when he inherited control of 2 Australian newspapers; expanded to Britain in the 1960s, the U.S. in the 1970s, and Asia in the 1990s; in Britain, he owns the biggest tabloid, the Sun; in the U.S., the New York Post, Fox News Network, 20th Century Fox, etc.<br />
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· His purchase of MySpace.com & Dow Jones, the parent company of the Wall Street Journal, as well as the recent launch of the Fox Business Network, position him as a global-spanning financial news powerhouse.<br />
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· “At 76, Murdoch appears to be at the height of his power” (Fortune, CNNMoney.com)<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">GE/NBC Universal & Comcast (#4)</span></b><br />
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· NBC Universal owns: NBC, Telemundo, part of PAX, 14 NBC O & Os, 15 Telemundo O & Os, NBC Universal Studios, MSNBC, CNBC, Bravo, Trio, USA, Sci-Fi, 5 theme parks<br />
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· Comcast has purchased NBC Universal (NBCU); presently, Comcast is the largest multiple system operator (MSO), meaning it owns multiple cable operations across the country (23.8 million customers)<br />
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· Comcast provides high-speed Internet service to 15.7 million; voice service to 7.4 million; owns the Golf Channel and portion of E!; Philadelphia Flyers (hockey), 76ers & their 2 arenas; now owns majority NBCU (after the sale is approved by the government)<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Things to Watch When Comcast Takes Over</span></b><br />
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· Jeff Zucker’s fate: NBCU chairman who grew the cable side<br />
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· Leno’s fate: will they embrace him?<br />
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· Olympics: will they bid for the next or leave it to Disney?<br />
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· NBCU name: will likely go away<br />
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· Hulu: network programming likely free; cable likely will be a pay model (has already begun pay model)<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Viacom (#5)</span></b><br />
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· Viacom owns: CBS, CW (50% ownership with Time Warner), 16 CBS O & Os, 18 UPN O & Os, 5 others, Paramount Studios, CBS Productions, King World Productions, Showtime, Spike TV, MTV, MTV2, Noggin, VH-1, Nickelodeon, BET, Comedy Central, TV Land, CMT, Flix, Sundance Channel, Blockbuster, Simon & Schuster, Infinity (184 radio stations)<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Extent of Media’s Reach in USA</span></b><br />
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· 37 million people in the U.S. will tune in to a primetime TV show on a typical Sunday night<br />
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· 98% of all homes have a TV set<br />
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· 91% have a VCRs & DVDs<br />
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· TV sets are on more than 8 hours a day in a typical U.S. homes<br />
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· 2/3 of all U.S. adults will read a newspaper each day<br />
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· 2/3 will listen to radio for some part of every day<br />
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· Internet population exceeds 938 million people<br />
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· 71 million Americans use e-mail every day<br />
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· 66% of the entire U.S. population regularly uses the Internet; 90% of teens, 12 to 17<br />
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· Americans spent more than $8.8 billion buying 1.4 billion movie tickets (’05) The Economy<br />
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· Not just individuals harmed by bad economy; fewer people working means fewer buying; fewer buying means fewer advertisers; less advertising, less money for media<br />
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· One in every 5 journalists who worked in 2001 likely gone.<br />
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· There will always be a need for talented, eager & passionate media employees.<br />
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-91019149820535019232016-04-23T22:51:00.000-07:002016-04-23T22:52:50.238-07:00The Evolution of Mass Communication ( Short notes) Part I<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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These small notes just for revision and helpful before UGC NET paper but for proper understanding you should read them in detail.</div>
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<b>George Guess/Sequoyah</b></div>
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· Father, white/mother, Cherokee; handicapped, never learned to read or write English; Cherokee felt they were meant to hunt, not read</div>
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· Devised a system of 86 characters, each representing a sound in the Cherokee language; Guess taught his daughter to read; system adopted by the Cherokee nation in 1825; nation awarded Guess a silver medal for his contributions</div>
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· Only single person in history to create/perfect a system for reading & writing a language; English botanist named giant California tree Sequoyah, Guess’s Cherokee name, for his giant contributions</div>
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<b>Storytelling</b></div>
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· National Storytelling Association defines storytelling as: “the art of using language, vocalization and gesture to reveal the elements and images of a story to an audience”</div>
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· Story defined as “narrative account of real or imagined events”; stories pass on wisdom, beliefs, values; explain who/what we are; explain how things are, why; the building blocks of knowledge; the foundation of memory, learning; connect, link us to the past, present & future</div>
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· Telling defined as “live, person to person, oral/physical presentation of a story to an audience”; involves direct contact between teller/listener; teller must use vivid language to bring the story to life, listener must bring experiences to help bring to life.</div>
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· Storytelling Elements: interactive, co-creative, personal, interpretive, human; a process/medium for sharing & interpreting meaning to an audience</div>
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<b>Culture</b></div>
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· Culture defined as “the behaviors/beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic or age group”; the learned behaviors of whatever group to which you belong</div>
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· Another definition of culture: “the sum total of ways of living built up by a group over a period of time and passed on from one generation to another”</div>
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<b>Media & Storytelling, Culture</b></div>
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· Mass media have become our culture’s storytellers; whether it is advertising, television, newspapers, whatever media, they all tell stories that we like; those who can tell stories well will be sought</div>
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· Media stories: some positive, some negative; stereotypes build over time (many based on truthful info for some, extended to all of a given culture); once again, some stereotypical images dominate</div>
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<b>Early Cultures & Storytelling</b></div>
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· Oral cultures: passed on info from one generation to the next without benefit of writing</div>
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· Cultures extremely close, elders considered most wise</div>
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· 1st important communicators</div>
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· Myth & history intertwined<br />
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<b>Early Writing Cultures</b></div>
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· Sumerians: cuneiform, a picture language using a stylus tool</div>
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· Egyptians: created hieroglyphs w/2000 symbols; used papyrus (writing surface derived from plants along the Nile) and parchment (writing surface from the skins of goat & sheep); Rosetta Stone helped decipher hieroglyphs</div>
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· Phoenicians: developed 1st syllable alphabet</div>
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· Greeks: credited with perfecting the alphabet</div>
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<b>Printing Press</b></div>
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· Before the press, took 5 years for monks to hand write a Bible</div>
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· Other presses for art & wine existed; Gutenberg gave 1st printing press w/interchangeable letters</div>
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· Five years after the printing press, 12 million books published in Europe</div>
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<b>Communication Defined</b></div>
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Process in which we assign/convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding; requires interpersonal & intrapersonal skills such as processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing & evaluating.</div>
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<b></b><br />
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<b><b>Different Communication Types</b></b></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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· Intrapersonal—communication one has with oneself; can be speaking aloud, eye contact, winking, daydreaming; referred to as “silent language”</div>
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· Interpersonal—includes all aspects of personal interaction or contact, usually with 2 people, but can be others (not a large group); interacting with another, exchanging info & views; a thoughtful exchange, debate</div>
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· Mass Communication—when messages are sent through technology, thereby making it possible for large numbers to access the message; principles of this type the same as others, but this one much more difficult than the other types because of the large numbers in the audience</div>
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<b>Problems with Communication</b></div>
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· A message can challenge a person’s experiences; may cause rejection, distortion or misinterpretation</div>
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· Noise: anything that interferes with the transmission of a message may occur (smudged print, reception problems, lawn mowers)</div>
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· Feedback: crucial because message may be misinterpreted, unclear, delayed, etc. Information Revolutions’ Background</div>
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· Writing brought an end to the importance of oral storytelling</div>
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· Author Irving Fang suggests there are 6 info revolutions; in each of the 6, storytelling changed drastically</div>
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<b>First Revolution: Writing Revolution</b></div>
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· Began primarily in Greece, around 8th century B.C.</div>
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· Began w/convergence of the Phoenician alphabet to the East, the Egyptian papyrus to the South</div>
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<b>Ramifications of 1st Revolution</b></div>
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· Memory no longer crucial</div>
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· Knowledge now boundless</div>
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· Elders no longer revered</div>
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· Cultures divided</div>
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<b>Second Revolution: Printing Revolution</b></div>
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· Began in Europe, second half of the 15th century when paper (originally from China) and a printing system established by Gutenberg</div>
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· Marked the beginning of the modern world</div>
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<b>Ramifications of 2nd Revolution</b></div>
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· Info spread through many layers of society; royalty/church no longer all powerful</div>
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· Printing lends itself to massive political, religious, economic, educational & personal changes (Martin Luther)</div>
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· Period called the “Reformation” or “Renaissance”</div>
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· Marked the end of feudalism</div>
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<b>Third Revolution: Mass Media Revolution</b></div>
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· Began in Western & Eastern United States during the middle of the 19th century</div>
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· Began w/the convergence of advances in paper production & printing press methods & the invention of the telegraph</div>
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· Changed the way info was conveyed</div>
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<b>Ramifications of 3rd Revolution</b></div>
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· For the 1st time, newspapers & magazines reached out to the common man with news, events near & far & packaged goods for sale</div>
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· Photography became popular</div>
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· Public schools & libraries began to spread</div>
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· Literacy possible for the masses.</div>
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<b>Fourth Revolution: Entertainment Revolution</b></div>
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· Began in Europe and America toward the end of the 19th century</div>
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· Stories printed, sold cheaply, just like cars on an assembly line; entertainment can now be infinitely duplicated/canned</div>
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<b>Ramifications of 4th Revolution</b></div>
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· Entertainment will change American audiences forever</div>
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· Eventually, audiences will spend more time being entertained than many spend working</div>
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<b>Fifth Revolution: Communication Toolshed Revolution</b></div>
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· Evolved during the middle of the 20th century, transforming the home into the central location for receiving info & entertainment</div>
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· Includes telephone, broadcasting, recording, improvement in print technologies, cheap universal mail services</div>
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<b>Ramifications of 5th Revolution</b></div>
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· Radio keeps families entertained (foreshadows fascination w/television)</div>
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· Birth of TV changes all other media; radio loses programs & becomes a jukebox; general magazines lose prominence</div>
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· Home entertaining will never be the same</div>
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<b>Sixth Revolution: Information Highway Revolution</b></div>
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· Began with the Internet explosion in the 1990s</div>
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· Describes today’s convergence of electronic technologies</div>
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<b>Ramifications of 6th Revolution</b></div>
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· Has created an uncertain situation for future of all media</div>
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· New media now extremely popular; young people spend the most time utilizing new</div>
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media</div>
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<b>Overview of Media Changes</b></div>
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· 4000 B.C.E.: Written language began</div>
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· 1455: Gutenberg’s Bible is published</div>
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· 1960: U.S. transitions to information society</div>
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· 1975: 1st personal computer introduced; SATCOM 1 was 1st satellite approved; it is</div>
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sustained about 22,300 miles above the Equator.</div>
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· 1982: CD, 1st digital music recording medium, introduced</div>
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· 1991: World Wide Web begins</div>
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· 1995: First digital hit movie (Toy Story)</div>
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· 1996: Telecommunications Act of 1996 changes U.S. media policy (particularly ownership)</div>
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· 1998: First U.S. HDTV broadcasts; new Copyright Act</div>
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· 2007: Internet reaches 75% of American homes</div>
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· 2009: U.S. transition to digital television</div>
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<b>Broadcast Media in 5th/6th Centuries</b></div>
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· Radio dominated until 1948; audiences abandoned TV in early 1950s</div>
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· In the 1950s, more TVs sold than children born (in spite of the “Baby Boom Generation”: 1946-1964)</div>
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· In 1963, TV becomes the preferred medium for Americans to get their news</div>
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· For years, network TV dominated; news figured dominated, trusted as credible</div>
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· Mass efficiency; could reach 97% audience w/3 ads in primetime; ads were succinct, not tailored to niche audiences, but large sections of the population</div>
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<b>Pivotal Moments in Television</b></div>
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· 1963: TV reaches maturity</div>
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· 1975: HBO goes on satellite</div>
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· 1976: 1st basic cable service & WTBS debut</div>
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· 1987: Fox TV network debut</div>
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· 1996: Telecommunication Act triggers mergers</div>
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· 1998: Broadcast news loses dominance</div>
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<b>Media Problems/Issues at Hand</b></div>
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· Audience fragmentation (now really difficult to reach)</div>
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· Convergence (erosion of traditional distinctions among media; content now available everywhere)</div>
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· Conglomeration prevalent (media bought by non-media companies)</div>
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· New media, convergence, media ownership all impactful, all hitting at the same time</div>
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<b>Technological Innovations</b></div>
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· Digital communication helped in the development of the 1st computers in the 1940s (can duplicate, store & play back complicated media content).</div>
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· Microprocessors, miniature circuits, led to the first personal computers: smaller, cheaper, and increasingly more powerful (computer chip power doubles about every 18 months)</div>
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· Fiber optic cable appeared in the mid-1980s, featuring thin bundles of fiber, incorporating glass & pulse of light that can be transported through lasers and can carry broadcast channels, telephone signals, & all sorts of digital codes.</div>
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· Various innovations from 1969 to the 1990s led to the Internet & the WWW.</div>
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<b>Aftermath of Media Changes</b></div>
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· Democratization of media; because audiences are everywhere, reach is now diminished</div>
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· Other new problems: “newstainment,” credibility questioned, reality programming, product placement & beyond</div>
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· No boundaries, no news cycles</div>
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· Content delivery now proliferated</div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-46499352764515546502016-03-08T02:28:00.000-08:002018-05-09T13:59:56.650-07:00Advertising Theories and Models<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>AIDA </b></span></div>
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AIDA was created by Strong in 1925 and Elma Lewis in 1900 and it is a behavioural model that has as purpose to make
sure that an advertisement raise awareness, stimulate interest, and leads the customer to desire
and eventually action (Hackley, 2005). </div>
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The model is seen as a highly persuasive and is said to often unconsciously affect our thinking
(Butterfield, 1997). </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
With the AIDA model Strong suggests that for an advertisement to be effective it has to be
one that: </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Commands Attention</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
2. Leads to Interest in the product </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
3. And thence to Desire to own or use the product </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
4. and then finally leads to Action (Mackay, 2005) </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
For the advertisement to contribute to success it has to be designed so that the customer
passes through all these four phases, with all being equally important. The model implies that
advertising should inject memorable and believable messages that will make costumers
triggered to act in a certain way (Brierley, 2002).</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The model may be seen by many as the strongest advertising theory, but has along with the
others been criticised by different sections of the advertising community. They claim that
there is no evidence that customers behave in this rational, linear way. They mean that mass
media advertising in general fail to stimulate desire or action. The model ignores the role of
context, environment and mediation in influencing the effectiveness of the advertisement.
The advertising world has because of this lately turned into focus more on the two main
behavioural responses: awareness and interest. They mean that all four phases are not equally
important and to be successful the advertiser has to look further into the behavioural phases
(Brierley, 2002).</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Another criticism that the model has met is that it represents only high-involvement
purchases. According to AIDA customers always goes through this rational process when
buying products, but many says that purchases more often are spontaneous (Hackley, 2005).</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In 1961 there were two new models published, the DAGMAR theory (Belch & Belch, 1995)
and Lavidge and Steinerís hierarchy of effects model (Lavidge & Steiner, 1961). </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>DAGMAR </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div>
Russell Colley created DAGMAR when he prepared a report for the Association of National
Advertisers. This report was entitled Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising
Results, shortened down to DAGMAR, and thereof the name, (Belch & Belch, 1995) and was
later in 1969 published as a book with the same title (Mackay, 2005).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
DAGMAR was created to encourage measurable objectives for each stage of the
communication (Smith & Taylor, 2002) and does not deal purely with the message (Mackay
2005). DAGMAR focuses on the levels of understanding that a customer must have for the
organisation and on how to measure the results of an advertising campaign (Belch & Belch,
1995). </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The main conclusions on the DAGMAR theory were expressed in the following quotation:
ìAll commercial communications that weigh on the ultimate objective of a sale must carry a
prospect through four levels of understanding.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. The prospect must first be aware of the existence of
a brand or organisation </div>
<div>
2. He must have a comprehension of what the product
is and what it will do for him </div>
<div>
3. He must arrive at a mental suspicion or conviction
to buy the product </div>
<div>
4. Finally he must stir himself to action.î (Mackay,
2005, p.25-26) (See Figure 6)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The communication has to be specific and measurable, and is therefore based on a
hierarchical model containing the four stages set out above in the quotation (Mackay, 2005).</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The DAGMAR approach has had a huge influence on the how to set objectives in the
advertising planning process and many planners use this model as their base. However, just
as the other approaches within advertising, DAGMAR has been met with critique. One of the
major criticisms towards DAGMAR is on its reliance on the ëhierarchy-of-effects theoryí, just
as with AIDA. Customers do not always pass through the stages in a linear way.
Another criticism made towards the DAGMAR approach is that it focuses too much on
strategies. Many creative people within advertising are looking for the great unique idea that
can result in a successful campaign and feels that the DAGMAR approach is too concerned
with quantitative measurements on the campaign (Belch & Belch, 1995). </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Lavidge & Steiners Hierarchy-of-effects model</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
This model was published during the same period as DAGMAR. The model was named the
hierarchy-of-effects model which is the same name as some authors used on the foundation
theory,and will therefore go under the name, Lavidge & Steiners
Hierarchy-of-effects model in this study.<b> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
According to this model customers do not switch from being
completely uninterested to become convinced to buy the product in
one step. Lavidge and Steiners Hierarchy-of-effects model is created
to show the process, or steps, that an advertiser assumes that
customers pass through in the actual purchase process (Barry &
Howard, 1990). The model is based on seven steps, which as with
the other models must be completed in a linear way.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
The big difference between this model and the others is not only the
steps, but also the view on how to pass them. Lavidge and Steiner
(1961) write that the steps has to be completed in a linear way, but
ìa potential purchaser sometimes may move up several steps simultaneously (Lavidge & Steiner, 1961, p. 60) which is supported by Munoz (2002) who
writes that normally ultimate customers do not switch directly from being interested to
become convinced buyers. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Lavidge and Steiner identify the seven steps in the following order: </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Close to purchasing, but still a long way from the cash register, are those who are
merely aware of its existence.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
2. Up a step are prospects who know what the product has to offer. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
3. Still closer to purchasing are those who have favourable attitudes toward the product
ñ those who like the product. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
4. Those whose favourable attitudes have developed to the point of preference over all
other possibilities are up still another step. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
5. Even closer to purchasing are customers who couple preference with a desire to buy
and the conviction that the purchase would be wise. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
6. Finally, of course, is the step which translates this attitude into actual purchase.
(Lavidge & Steiner , 1961, p. 59)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
Lavidge and Steiner (1961) also wrote, in their article, that they are fully aware of the
impulsive purchases that customers can make, but they mean that for higher economical
goods these steps are essential for the advertiser to include. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
This model also has as a premise that advertising occurs over a period of time, and may not
lead to immediate response and purchase. It is rather a series of effects that has to occur, with
each step fulfilled on the way towards the next stage (Lavidge & Steiner, 1961) </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Behind this model is according to Belch & Belch (1998) the premises that ìadvertising effects
occur over time and advertising communication may not lead to immediate behavioural
response or purchase, but rather, consumers must fulfil each step before (s)he can move to the
next stage in the hierarchyî (Belch and Belch 1998, p. 146). </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
As with the former models discussed, this model has also been criticised. The criticism on
Lavidge & Steiners model is very similar to the one made on DAGMAR and AIDA. There is
still no evidence on the fact that awareness of a products leads to purchase, and the steps are
still unclear.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Criticism has also been made on each individual step in the model. Critics do not think that
the model explains how the customers will go from one step to another and to point out the
steps without explaining them further is not seen as enough (Palda, 1966). </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>Other Models</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
</div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-37608026757027557772015-05-29T03:27:00.000-07:002015-05-29T03:27:56.281-07:00Theories of Communication Final part II <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">With this theories part is completed.</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">6)
USES AND GRATIFICATION THEORY</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">This theory propounded
by <b>Katz </b>in 1970, is concerned with how people use media for
gratification of their needs. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc68"></a>An outcome of <b>Abraham
Maslow's</b> <i>Heirarchy of Needs</i>, it propounds the fact that people
choose what they want to see or read and the different media compete to satisfy
each individual"s needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc69"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">In the hierarchy of needs, there are five levels
in the form of a pyramid with the basic needs such as food and clothing at the
base and the higher order needs climbing up the pyramid. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc70"></a>The fulfillment of each lower level need leads to the
individual looking to satisfy the next level of need and so on till he reaches
the superior-most need of self-actualization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure
2.2</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifWX6lHibhfMzkI9Gfk4jFStEzB6EZACr3Fq1VqaOE9C8CaiP9KcaeCvOF70jxoOPv8S8EGEr1x6d3StPSSAbsiHNWZT0b5nzSlVfWkpP9EPR25JocIsEOttaWeQhrJm-Vn1qVLbuUBRu_/s1600/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifWX6lHibhfMzkI9Gfk4jFStEzB6EZACr3Fq1VqaOE9C8CaiP9KcaeCvOF70jxoOPv8S8EGEr1x6d3StPSSAbsiHNWZT0b5nzSlVfWkpP9EPR25JocIsEOttaWeQhrJm-Vn1qVLbuUBRu_/s400/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">The
Uses and Gratifications approach</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"> reminds us that people use media for many purposes. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc72"></a>As media users become increasingly confronted with
choices, this approach should direct our attention to the audience. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc73"></a>Lull's television research found that families used
television for communication facilitation, relationship building, intimacy, and
for structuring the day. In general researchers have found four kinds of
gratifications:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc74"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">1. <b>Information </b>- we want to find out
about society and the world- we want to satisfy our curiosity. This would fit
the news and documentaries which both give us a sense that we are learning
about the world.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc75"></a>2. <b>Personal Identity </b>- we may watch the
television in order to look for models for our behaviour. So, for example, we
may identify with characters that we see in a soap. The characters help us to
decide what feel about ourselves and if we agree with their actions and they
succeed we feel better about ourselves. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc76"></a>3. <b>Integration and Social Interaction </b>- we
use the media in order to find out more about the circumstances of other
people. Watching a show helps us to empathize and sympathize with the lives of
others so that we may even end up thinking of the characters in programme as
friends. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc77"></a>4. <b>Entertainment </b>- sometimes we simply use
the media for enjoyment, relaxation or just to fill time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc78"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Riley and Riley</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"> (1951) found that children in peer groups used
adventure stories from the media for group games while individual children used
media stories for fantasizing and daydreaming. The study thus found that
different people use the same messages from the media for different purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc79"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Katz</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"> replaced the question "what do media do to
people?" with the question "what do people do with the media?" <b>Katz,
Gurevitch & Hass</b> found that the media are used by<br />
individuals to meet the following specific needs :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc80"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Cognitive needs (acquiring information,
knowledge and understanding); </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc81"></a>Affective needs (emotional, pleasurable
experience);</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc82"></a>Personal integrative needs (strengthening self
image);</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc83"></a>Social integrative needs (strengthening self
image);</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc84"></a><b>Tension release needs (escape and diversion)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc85"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">McQuail, Blumler and Brown</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"> suggested the following
individual needs categories:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc86"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">1) Diversion (emotional release)<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc87"></a>2) Personal Relationships (substitute of media for
companionship).<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc88"></a>3) Personal identity or individual psychology
(value reinforcement, self understanding.)<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc89"></a>4) Surveillance (information that may help an
individual accomplish tasks.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc90"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">B. Rubin and Bantz</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"> (1989) studied the uses and gratifications of
"new technology" by examining VCR use. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc91"></a>They
found the following motives for VCR use: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
1) library storage of movies and shows<br />
2) watching music videos<br />
3) Using exercise tapes<br />
4) renting movies<br />
5) letting children view<br />
6) time-shifting<br />
7) Socializing by viewing with others<br />
8) Critical viewing including TV watching and studying tapes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc92"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">7) SPIRAL OF SILENCE THEORY</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc93"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Propounded by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, this
theory states that the media publicizes opinions that are mainstream and people
adjust their opinions according to their perceptions to avoid being isolated. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc94"></a>Individuals who perceive their own opinion as being
accepted will express it, whilst those who think themselves as being a
minority, suppress their views. Innovators and change agents are unafraid to
voice different opinions, as they do not fear isolation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure
2.3</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mass/Resources/i2c.gif" id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 184.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 282pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="i2c" src="file:///C:\Users\VISHIV~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwjeLXt4gVDg-kcg-QYWcCKJ_8ASSmRghZeDbjWPf5s9RIykJNMBjQyn1zMKxQnu6B8uqN_CTVfqB9-CXxgKxBwz_4tfW7ivAovN-WJyEtRXkFGtlFP7zzAE4RMpmAQ1Z4X0WSntQ7lQFw/s1600/spiral_of_silence-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwjeLXt4gVDg-kcg-QYWcCKJ_8ASSmRghZeDbjWPf5s9RIykJNMBjQyn1zMKxQnu6B8uqN_CTVfqB9-CXxgKxBwz_4tfW7ivAovN-WJyEtRXkFGtlFP7zzAE4RMpmAQ1Z4X0WSntQ7lQFw/s400/spiral_of_silence-1.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc95"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">8) CONSISTENCY THEORIES (1950s)</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc96"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Festinger</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"> formulated the consistency theories that talked
about people"s need for consistency in their beliefs and judgements. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc97"></a>In order to reduce dissonance created by
inconsistencies in belief, judgments and action people expose themselves to
information that is consistent with their ideas and actions, and they shut out
other communications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc98"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">9) McCOMBS AND SHAW"S AGENDA SETTING THEORY
</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc99"></a>This theory puts forth the ability of the media to
influence the significance of events in the public's mind. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc100"></a>The media set the agenda for the audience's
discussion and mentally order and organize their world. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc101"></a>The theory is consistent with a "use and
gratification" approach. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc102"></a><b>McCombs and Shaw</b>
assert that the agenda-setting function of the media causes the correlation
between the media and public ordering of priorities. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc103"></a>The
people most affected by the media agenda are those who have a high need for
orientation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc104"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">10) Media Dependency Theory</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc105"></a>Developed by <b>Ball-Rokeach and DeFluer</b>, the
key idea behind this theory is that audiences depend on media information to
meet needs and reach goals, and social institutions and media systems interact
with audiences to create needs, interests, and motives in the person. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc106"></a>The degree of dependence is influenced by the number
and centrality of information functions and social stability. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Some questions
that this theory raised were :<br />
Do media create needs? <br />
Do people turn to media to achieve gratification and satisfy needs? <br />
Are media needs personal, social, cultural, political, or all of these? <br />
"The media are our friends"?? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">11)
STEPHENSON"S PLAY THEORY</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 13.2pt;">Play is an activity pursued for pleasure. The
daily withdrawal of people into the mass media in their after hours is a matter
of subjectivity. </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc109" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 13.2pt;"></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 13.2pt;">The effect of mass communication
is not escapism nor seducing the masses. Rather it is seen as anti-anxiety
producing, and are regarded as communication-pleasure.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc110"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">12) MODELING BEHAVIOUR THEORY</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Behaviors which are modeled from media
experiences can become habitual if found useful and/or if they are reinforced
in the environment. This is not about violent or criminal behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc112"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">13) STALAGMITE THEORIES</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc113"></a>These theories suggest that mediated experiences
induce long term effects that are very difficult to measure. The effects are
like stalagmite drippings building up over time. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc114"></a>Meaning
Theory and the Cultivation Theory are two of the most significant Stalagmite
theories.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc115"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">MEANING THEORY</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
Media experiences mould meanings by putting things in a particular framework.
Does "NYPD Blue" depict the real world of New York City police
detectives? Questions like this are coming from a Meaning Theory focus on
media.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc116"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">CULTIVATION THEORY</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc117"></a>George Gerbner tried to determine the influence
of television on viewers" ideas of the environment they lived in. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc118"></a>He found that dominance of TV created a common view
of the world and that it homogenized different cultures. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc119"></a>TV portrayed the society as a bad place to live in
leading to people becoming distrustful of the world. Over time, particular
symbols, images, messages, meanings become dominant and are absorbed as the
truth. Cultural stereotypes, ways of assessing value and hierarchies are
established.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure
2.4</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><v:shape alt="" id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 247.5pt; width: 387pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe6arUD0MMgjNO1vW0eyYKWNZj1-u5QwdX1Ba6GghwN-FhTSx8dp66505EJseFV9GIcrfqiP6t113gIid1_tEL1GU2cNog8FcfmVRY2SNmQPM6MRtNMFMHqlsJh3ksYl9rGby8UzLr10yc/s1600/CultivationTheory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe6arUD0MMgjNO1vW0eyYKWNZj1-u5QwdX1Ba6GghwN-FhTSx8dp66505EJseFV9GIcrfqiP6t113gIid1_tEL1GU2cNog8FcfmVRY2SNmQPM6MRtNMFMHqlsJh3ksYl9rGby8UzLr10yc/s400/CultivationTheory.jpg" width="400" /></a><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></v:shape></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc120"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">14) Diffusion of innovations theory</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc121"></a>Pioneered in 1943 by <b>Bryce Ryan</b> and <b>Neil
Gross</b> of Iowa State University this theory traces the process by which a
new idea or practice is communicated through certain channels over time among
members of a social system. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc122"></a>The model describes
the factors that influence people's thoughts and actions and the process of
adopting a new technology or idea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">15)
Social learning theory</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc124"></a>Formulated by <b>Albert Bandura</b> at Stanford
University, this specifies that mass-media messages give audience members an
opportunity to identify with attractive characters that demonstrate behavior,
engage emotions, and allow mental rehearsal and modeling of new behavior. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc125"></a>The behavior of models in the mass media also offers
vicarious reinforcement to motivate audience members' adoption of the behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc126"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Baran and Davis</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"> (2000) classify mass communication theories into
three broad categories: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc127"></a>1. <b>microscopic theories</b> that focus on the
everyday life of people who process information - for example, uses and
gratifications, active audience theory, and reception studies; </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc128"></a>2. <b>middle range theories</b> that support the
limited effects perspective of the media - for example, information flow
theory, diffusion theory, and</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc129"></a>3. <b>macroscopic theories</b> that are concerned
with media's impact on culture and society - for example, cultural studies
theory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc130"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Theories of mass communication have always
focused on the "cause and effects" notion, i.e. the effects of the
media and the process leading to those effects, on the audience's mind. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc131"></a><b>Harold Lasswell</b> and <b>Berelson</b> have
succinctly expressed this idea. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc132"></a><b>Lasswell</b>'s
essential question is timeless (1949): "<i>Who says what in what channel
to whom with what effects?</i>" <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc133"></a><b>Berelson </b>said:
"<i>Some kinds of communication, on some kinds of issues, brought to the
attention of some kinds of people, under some kinds of conditions, have some
kinds of effects</i>." (1949).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure
2.5</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc134"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Wilbur Schramm</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"> stated: "<i>In fact, it is misleading to
think of the communication process as starting somewhere and ending somewhere.
It is really endless. We are little switchboard centers handling and rerouting
the great endless current of information....</i> " (Schramm W.1954) quoted
in McQuail & Windahl (1981)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">16)
The Osgood and Schramm circular model emphasizes the circular nature of
communication.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333339691162px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc136"></a><v:shape alt="http://peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mass/Resources/i2f.gif" id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 307.3pt; margin-left: 255.2pt; margin-top: 15.2pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 237pt; z-index: 1;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
participants swap between the roles of source/encoder and receiver/decoder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6mQbEKMaOGYnlahQLkEQvo9QBjHqZLEfei18VnksiscOPLmvyrak-OlqhDUlkcPbxnIyjePkrq-Ls93FTBGEaqPoGBHWaHQxGYut2B2nCnb-6SNFmvmve40uDc6G6dyWIa5L75ioLJqxp/s1600/Slide-1369128805.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6mQbEKMaOGYnlahQLkEQvo9QBjHqZLEfei18VnksiscOPLmvyrak-OlqhDUlkcPbxnIyjePkrq-Ls93FTBGEaqPoGBHWaHQxGYut2B2nCnb-6SNFmvmve40uDc6G6dyWIa5L75ioLJqxp/s400/Slide-1369128805.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure
2.6</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">17)
Gerbner's General Model</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gerbner's
General Model also emphasizes the dynamic nature of human communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure
2.7</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mass/Resources/i2h.gif" id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 166.5pt; margin-left: 272.45pt; margin-top: 8.85pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 257.25pt; z-index: 2;" type="#_x0000_t75"><br /></v:shape><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc138"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">18) The Shannon-Weaver Model.</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Shannon and Weaver
produced a general model of communication known after them as the
Shannon-Weaver Model. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc139"></a>It involved breaking down
an information system into sub-systems so as to evaluate the efficiency of
various communication channels and codes. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc140"></a>They propose
that all communication must include six elements:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Source<br />
Encoder<br />
Channel<br />
Message<br />
Decoder<br />
Receiver<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc141"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">This model is often
referred to as an " <b>information model</b>" of communication. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc142"></a>A drawback is that the model looks at communication
as a one-way process. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc143"></a>That is remedied by the
addition of the feedback loop. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc144"></a>Noise indicates
those factors that disturb or otherwise influence messages as they are being
transmitted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mass/Resources/i2i.gif" id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 264.75pt; margin-left: 269.45pt; margin-top: 40.05pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 237.8pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t75"><br /></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mass/Resources/i2i.gif" id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 264.75pt; margin-left: 269.45pt; margin-top: 40.05pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 237.8pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t75"><br /></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mass/Resources/i2i.gif" id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 264.75pt; margin-left: 269.45pt; margin-top: 40.05pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 237.8pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t75"><br /></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mass/Resources/i2i.gif" id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 264.75pt; margin-left: 269.45pt; margin-top: 40.05pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 237.8pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t75"><br /></v:shape><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc145"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">19) Berlo's S-M-C-R Model</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc146"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Berlo</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">"s SMCR (SOURCE, MESSAGE, CHANNEL, and
RECEIVER) model focuses on the individual characteristics of communication and
stresses the role of the relationship between the source and the receiver as an
important variable in the communication process. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc147"></a>The
more highly developed the communication skills of the source and the receiver,
the more effectively the message will be encoded and decoded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc148"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Berlo</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">'s model represents a communication process that
occurs as a SOURCE drafts messages based on one's communication skills,
attitudes, knowledge, and social and cultural system. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc149"></a>These MESSAGES are transmitted along CHANNELS, which
can include sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. A RECEIVER interprets
messages based on the individual's communication skills, attitudes, knowledge,
and social and cultural system. The limitations of the model are its lack of
feedback<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Terms
used in the chapter:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc150"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Mass-media:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
It is a collective phrase that represents not only the press, cinema, radio,
television and internet, but also to some extent, books magazines, pamphlets ,
direct mail literature, posters, folk media, and natural communication methods
such as rumours, education and preaching. It is so termed because its reach
extends to vast heterogeneous populations. Generally the mass media employ
technological means to communicate to the masses. They are founded on the idea
of mass production and distribution. <b>Wiebe</b> defined mass media as those
readily available to the general public.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc151"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Selective attention:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
The media are full of competing messages. The process of screening vast amount
of information in which one has no interest through mental filters is called
selective attention, for example, an adult will be more tuned to listening to
the news while a child would rather watch a cartoon show.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc152"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Selective perception:</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">
This is the tendency to interpret communication messages in terms of one"s
existing attitudes. People of distinct psychological character same media
content in different ways. This depends on factors such as age, values, family,
opinions etc. Selective perception is influenced by social relationships.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc153"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Selective retention:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
The ability of an individual to retain certain messages in his mind while
ignoring others is called selective retention. This is influenced by various
psychological and physiological factors such as choice, values, culture,
emotions etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc154"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Selective exposure:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
Some individuals are exposed to certain media effects/messages while some are
not. This screening aspect depends on many factors such as reach of media,
accessibility, age, cultural acceptability, taboos, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc155"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Opinion leaders/change agents:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
The opinions of people in a group are influenced by what they hear from
"opinion leaders". An individual who is a member of a group manifests
certain characteristics in his thinking and behaviour that contribute to the
formation of "public opinion". The opinion of the leader is based on
rational thinking due to education and experience. They weigh the pros and cons
of the information they receive and then give their judgement on it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc156"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Encoder:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
In the process of communication, the sender or source of the message is
referred to as the encoder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc157"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Decoder:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
The person receiving the message and decodes it is referred to as the decoder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc158"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Feedback:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
Feedback, a term form cybernetics, the study of messages. It refers to an
inquiry, response or experiment. Feedback can be positive (when the required
result is achieved) or negative; instantaneous(when the response is immediate)
or delayed. Feedback is used to gauge the effectiveness of a particular message
put forth or situation that has taken place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc159"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Noise:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b>
In all communication, there is a sender, a message/communication and a
receiver. The meaning of a message is greatly dependent on the culture in which
it is transmitted. The sender encodes a message, the receiver decodes it.
Between the sender, the message and receiver, noise gets in the way and
complicates the process. A noiseless communication does not exist. There always
is some kind of noise entering the communication. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Noise can be physical noise
for example static or psychological i.e. when culture, taboos or values come
into play to disrupt the normal transmission process of communication.
Misunderstanding of a particular message i.e. distortion of meaning is a form
of noise, example, the game of Chinese Whisper"a person starts off with a
particular message and the original message may be distorted by the time it
comes to the final player.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">@ Vishiwjeet Singh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333339691162px;">Under Creative Commons License</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333339691162px;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-85599847434672503212015-05-19T03:58:00.000-07:002015-05-19T03:58:55.875-07:00Theories of Communication Part I<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The study of
communication and mass media has led to the formulation of many theories: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc0"></a><b>structural and functional</b> theories believe that
social structures are real and function in ways that can be observed
objectively; <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc1"></a><b>cognitive and behavioral</b>
theories tend to focus on psychology of individuals; <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc2"></a><b>interactionist</b>
theories view social life as a process of interaction; <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc3"></a><b>interpretive</b>
theories uncover the ways people actually understand their own experience; and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc4"></a><b>critical</b> theories are concerned with the
conflict of interests in society and the way communication perpetuates
domination of one group over another .<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc5"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">The earliest theories were those propounded by
Western theorists <b>Siebert, Paterson and Schramm</b> in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc6"></a>their book <b><i>Four Theories Of the Press</i> (1956)</b>. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc7"></a>These were termed "normative theories" by <b>McQuail</b>
in the sense that they "mainly express ideas of how the media ought to or
can be expected to operate under a prevailing set of conditions and
values." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc8"></a>Each of the four original or
classical theories is based on a particular political theory or economic
scenario.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">CLASSICAL
THEORIES</span></b><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-size: large;">Authoritarian
Theory</span></span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">According to this
theory, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc10"></a>mass media, though not under the direct
control of the State, had to follow its bidding. Under an <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc11"></a>Authoritarian approach in Western Europe, freedom of
thought was jealously guarded by a few people (ruling classes), who were
concerned with the emergence of a new middle class and were worried about the
effects of printed matter on their thought process. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc12"></a>Steps
were taken to control the freedom of expression. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc13"></a>The
result was advocacy of complete dictatorship. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc14"></a>The
theory promoted zealous obedience to a hierarchical superior and reliance on
threat and punishment to those who did not follow the censorship rules or did
not respect authority. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc15"></a>Censorship of the press was
justified on the ground that the State always took precedence over the
individual's right to freedom of expression.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc16"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">This theory stemmed from the authoritarian
philosophy of <b>Plato</b> (407 - 327 B.C), who thought that the State was safe
only in the hands of a few wise men. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc17"></a><b>Thomas
Hobbes</b> (1588 - 1679), a British academician, argued that the power to
maintain order was sovereign and individual objections were to be ignored. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc18"></a><b>Engel</b>, a German thinker further reinforced the
theory by stating that freedom came into its supreme right only under
Authoritarianism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc19"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">The world has been witness to authoritarian
means of control over media by both dictatorial and democratic governments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc20"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN">Libertarianism or Free Press Theory</span></b></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc21"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">This movement is based on the right of an
individual, and advocates absence of restraint. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc22"></a>The
basis of this theory dates back to 17th century England when the printing press
made it possible to print several copies of a book or pamphlet at cheap rates. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc23"></a>The State was thought of as a major source of
interference on the rights of an individual and his property. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc24"></a>Libertarians regarded taxation as institutional
theft. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc25"></a>Popular will <b>(vox populi)</b> was
granted precedence over the power of State.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc26"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">Advocates of this theory were <b>Lao Tzu</b>, an
early 16th century philosopher, <b>John Locke</b> of Great Britain in the17th
century, <b>John Milton</b>, the epic poet ("<i>Aeropagitica</i>")
and <b>John Stuart Mill</b>, an essayist ("<i>On Liberty</i>").
Milton in <i>Aeropagitica</i> in 1644, referred to a self righting process if
free expression is permitted "let truth and falsehood grapple." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc27"></a>In 1789, the French, in their Declaration Of The
Rights Of Man, wrote "<i>Every citizen may speak, write and publish freely</i>."
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc28"></a>Out of such doctrines came the idea of a
"free marketplace of ideas." George Orwell defined libertarianism as
"allowing people to say things you do not want to hear". <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc29"></a>Libertarians argued that the press should be seen as
the <i>Fourth Estate</i> reflecting public opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc30"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">What the theory offers, in sum, is power without
social responsibility. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc31"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN">Social Responsibility Theory</span></b></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc32"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">Virulent critics of the Free Press Theory were
Wilbur Schramm, Siebert and Theodore Paterson. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc33"></a>In
their book <i>Four Theories Of Press</i>, they stated "pure libertarianism
is antiquated, outdated and obsolete." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc34"></a>They
advocated the need for its replacement by the Social Responsibility theory. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc35"></a>This theory can be said to have been initiated in the
United States by the Commission of The Freedom Of Press, 1949. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc36"></a>The commission found that the free market approach to
press freedom had only increased the power of a single class and has not served
the interests of the less well-off classes. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc37"></a>The
emergence of radio, TV and film suggested the need for some means of
accountability. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc38"></a>Thus the theory advocated some
obligation on the part of the media to society. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc39"></a>A
judicial mix of self regulation and state regulation and high professional
standards were imperative.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc40"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">Social Responsibility theory thus became the
modern variation in which the duty to one"s conscience was the primary basis
of the right of free expression.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc41"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN">Soviet Media/Communist Theory</span></b></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This theory is derived
from the ideologies of Marx and Engel that "the ideas of the ruling
classes are the ruling ideas". <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc42"></a>It was thought
that the entire mass media was saturated with bourgeois ideology. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc43"></a>Lenin thought of private ownership as being
incompatible with freedom of press and that modern technological means of
information must be controlled for enjoying effective freedom of press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc44"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">The theory advocated that the sole purpose of
mass media was to educate the great masses of workers and not to give out
information. The public was encouraged to give feedback as it was the only way
the media would be able to cater to its interests.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc45"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">Two more theories were later added as the
"four theories of the press" were not fully applicable to the
non-aligned countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, who were committed to
social and economic development on their own terms. The two theories were:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc46"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN">Development Communication Theory</span></b><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The underlying fact behind
the genesis of this theory was that there can be no development without
communication. Under the four classical theories, capitalism was legitimized,
but under the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc47"></a>Development communication theory, or
Development Support Communication as it is otherwise called, the media
undertook the role of carrying out positive developmental programmes, accepting
restrictions and instructions from the State. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc48"></a>The
media subordinated themselves to political, economic, social and cultural
needs. Hence the stress on "development communication" and
"development journalism". <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc49"></a>There was
tacit support from the UNESCO for this theory. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc50"></a>The
weakness of this theory is that "development" is often equated with
government propaganda.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc51"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN">Democratization/Democratic Participant Media
Theory</span></b></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This theory vehemently
opposes the commercialization of modern media and its top-down non-participant
character. The need for access and right to communicate is stressed.
Bureaucratic control of media is decried.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">2)
MAGIC BULLET/ HYPODERMIC NEEDLE/ STIMULUS RESPONSE THEORY</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc53"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">Before the first World War, there was no
separate field of study on Communication, but knowledge about mass
communication was accumulating. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc54"></a>An outcome of
World War I propaganda efforts, the <b>Magic Bullet</b> or <b>Hypodermic Needle
Theory</b> came into existence. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc55"></a>It propounded the
view that the mass media had a powerful influence on the mass audience and
could deliberately alter or control peoples' behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc56"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">Klapper </span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">(1960) formulated several generalizations on the
effects of mass media. His research findings are as follows: "<i>Mass-media
ordinarily does not serve as a necessary and sufficient cause of audience
effect, but rather functions through a nexus of mediating factors and
influences. These mediating factors render mass-communication as a contributory
agent in a process of reinforcing the existing conditions</i>."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc57"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">The main mediating factors which he considers
responsible for the functions and effects of mass communications are </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc58"></a>- <b>selective exposure</b> i.e., people's
tendency to expose themselves to those mass communications which are in
agreement with their attitudes and interests; and <br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc59"></a>- <b>selective perception and retention</b> i.e.,
people's inclination to organize the meaning of mass communication messages
into accord with their already existing views.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc60"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN">3) TWO STEP FLOW THEORY</span></b></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc61"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">In the early 40"s, before the invention of
television, <b>Lazarsfeld, Berelson and Goudet</b> conducted an American survey
on mass campaigns. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc62"></a>The study revealed that
informal social relationships had played a part in modifying the manner in which
individuals selected content from the media campaign. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc63"></a>The
study also indicated that ideas often flowed from the radio and newspapers to
opinion leaders and from them to the less active sections of society. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc64"></a>Thus, informal social groups have some degree of
influence on people and mould the way they select media content and act on it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjimZLbYM1vPjN6IoYoQdPvzWQ8-AVgGB-YDpNS4xF0Uq1UvddPuGKpcyIkVvcD3NQj0O6VPohw00LfgnZcAaLuEuoDgU0uzj5QjPXfx22p3M8YIAC0Vr44c-qV_L-wrnysKvuxL_g-zg_V/s1600/two-step-flow2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjimZLbYM1vPjN6IoYoQdPvzWQ8-AVgGB-YDpNS4xF0Uq1UvddPuGKpcyIkVvcD3NQj0O6VPohw00LfgnZcAaLuEuoDgU0uzj5QjPXfx22p3M8YIAC0Vr44c-qV_L-wrnysKvuxL_g-zg_V/s1600/two-step-flow2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">Figure
2.1</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0">
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<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2">
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<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight">
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</v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f">
<o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="http://peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mass/Resources/i2a.gif" id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 157.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 225pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="i2a" src="file:///C:\Users\JOURNA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Source:
CIA Advertising at www.ciadvertising.org/ortega/Theories.htm (used by
permission)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc65"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN">4) ONE STEP FLOW THEORY</span></b></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This theory simply
stated that mass communication media channels communicate directly to the mass
audience without the message being filtered by opinion leaders.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass2anc66"></a><b><span lang="EN-IN">5) MULTI STEP FLOW THEORY</span></b></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This was based on the
idea that there are a number of relays in the communication flow from a source
to a large audience.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-31270393010971756052015-05-18T04:11:00.000-07:002015-05-18T04:11:26.840-07:00Development of Human Communication<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
Meaning of Communication</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc0"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Communication is an ever continuing process and
an integral part of the world of all living things. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc8"></a>The
need for communication is as basic as the hunger for food and drink, perhaps
even more so. It is an individual as well as a social need.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc9"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Derived form the Latin word <b><i>communis</i> </b>,
meaning <b>common</b>, communication is a synonym for interchange, dialogue,
sharing, interaction or communion. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc1"></a>It is the
passing of meaningful messages and the receiving of feedback. <b>The
Encyclopedia Britannica</b> defines communication as ‘<b><i>the exchange of
meaning between individuals or groups through a common system of symbols or
language</i></b>’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b>Denis McQuail</b> (“Towards
a Sociology of Mass Communication, 1975) sees <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc10"></a>‘human
communication’ as the sending of meaningful messages from one person to
another. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc2"></a>These messages could be oral or written,
visual or olfactory. He also <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc11"></a>includes laws,
practices, customs, ways of dressing, gestures, military parades and flags as
methods of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc12"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Human communication went through different
stages of development. At first this development was driven by the process of
mankind’s evolution from the lower species, later it was driven by technological
human progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<b>Historical Survey of Communication:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">The Age of Signs and
Signals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">The Age of Speech and
Language<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">The Age of Writing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">The Age of Printing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">The Mass Communication
Age<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">The Age of Information
Revolution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">1.
The Age of Signs and Signals</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prehistoric humans were physically
unable to talk. Communication was limited and determined by instincts. It was
the age of signs and signals - <b>drum messages, smoke signals, music, dance</b> etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<b>2. The Age of Speech and Language</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc3"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Man’s first achievement was speech and language.
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc4"></a>It gave him an eminent position over others. Growth
of different languages gave birth to different expressions that denoted
distinctions within communities. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc13"></a>Certain languages
acquired the traits of others, e.g., the language of conquerors was absorbed
into the local dialect. This then became the language of administration and
commerce.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>3. The Age of Writing</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc14"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">About 5,000 years ago, hieroglyphic writing was
developed by the <b>Mayans and the Chinese</b>. They used pictures with a standardized
meaning. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc15"></a>The Sumerians developed a different form
of writing that represented sounds by symbols. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc5"></a>This
allowed information to be stored and for traditions to be passed on in writing.
Clay, stone and later papyrus were developed and used as portable media.
Writing gave permanence to the spoken language. Writing was slow to develop
because the clergy, who were the seats of power, wanted it to be their sole
privilege.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
<b>4. The Age of Print</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc16"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">In the <b>1st century A.D, China invented paper</b>. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc17"></a>In the <b>8th century</b> the Arab world began to
manufacture paper. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc18"></a>In the <b>15th century</b>, the
Gutenberg press was invented and printing began in Europe. As a consequence,
information could be copied much faster and with far fewer mistakes than
before. Availability of information was no longer restricted to the Roman
Church and to nobility, but open to a wider section of European societies. This
was the basis for further historical development that culminated in the
Thirty-Years-War. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc19"></a>Books were followed by the
development of pamphlets and then newspapers in the 17th century. Some
newspapers began to be edited by the then subjugated Asians and Africans in
spite of severe opposition. Revolutionary journals began to see the light of
day and enjoyed wide readership.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>5. The Mass Communication Age</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc20"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">In the 19th century, communication was
determined by several media forms. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc21"></a>Print media,
especially newspapers, were supplemented by telegraph and telephone. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc6"></a>The introduction of radio, film and television in the
20th century saw the emergence of the Mass Communication era.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">6.
The Age of Information Revolution</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">At present, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc7"></a>we are living amidst an information revolution. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc22"></a>Integrated multimedia applications are now possible
due to networks established from the development of digital communication technology.
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc23"></a>Hypertext structures form the basis for
communication and navigation within the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
CONCLUSIONS</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc24"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Communication is a carrier of a social process
and man is a social being because of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc25"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Communication influences others and in turn is
influenced by them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc26"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Communication gives people a sense of belonging
and reduces loneliness and frustration by helping people adapt to their
environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchormass1anc27"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">The communication revolution has marched along
with the industrial revolution and the media has been shaped by powerful
economic and social forces, such as the rise of democracy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-59094932176122209232015-03-13T02:45:00.000-07:002015-03-13T02:45:27.017-07:00Media Focus and Agenda Setting: Why Some Things Get the Spotlight<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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By Gina Putt</div>
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Why do some news items generate a buzz, and others pass by with barely a peep? For example, the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 has commanded attention, while 11,420 dead Syrian children did not.</div>
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Communications theorists point their fingers at the influence of the media in shaping what we care about. A social theory called “agenda setting theory” posits that the media shapes our interests and tells us what is and is not important.</div>
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Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw: Agenda Setting Theory</h2>
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In the early 1970s, Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw stated that people who experienced the same media coverage would come to believe the same events were important. The amount of coverage given to a particular topic influenced how important people came to believe the topic was.</div>
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Since the original article was written, researchers have applied this theory to topics as diverse as the media’s presentation of gender, to tobacco campaigns, to coverage of political beliefs in Chile. The media – television, newspapers, and radio – were found to set the agenda, or determine the topics worthy of discussion.</div>
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By 2004, McCombs wrote that it was “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">common</em>” to discuss media setting the agenda for national debate. In <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion </em>McCombs stated, “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">there are now over 400 empirical investigations worldwide</em>” of agenda setting.</div>
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Level Two of Agenda Setting Theory</h2>
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Initial research on agenda setting focused on <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">what</em> the media presented to the public. The second level of agenda setting theory emerged in the 1990s and focused on “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">how media coverage affects both what the public thinks about and how the public thinks about it</em>” according to Salma Ghanen, Dean, College of Communication and Fine Arts at Central Michigan University in her chapter titled “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Filling in the Tapestry: The Second Level of Agenda Setting</em>” in McCombs updated volume on communications and democracy.</div>
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Ghanen notes that the<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> way</em> the topic or “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">objec</em>t” is covered influences how people interpret the news item, or the “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">frame” </em>in which the public sees the news item. The tone that is set is referred to as <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">salience</em>. Does the media present the topic in a positive, negative, or neutral light? As Ghanen writes, framing “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">deals with the idea that the news media may be presenting a world-view construed in a particular way that does not necessarily mesh with reality</em>.”</div>
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While the mystery surely is part of the lure of the jetliner story, the public may want to ask themselves whether the possible deaths of a few hundred jet passengers are more important than the certain deaths of more than 11,000 children.</div>
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Level Three of Agenda Setting Theory: Networks</h2>
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While the first two levels of agenda setting theory focus on the impact of the media in choosing the topics of discussion and then directing the topic through the tone or salience of media coverage. The third level of agenda setting theory focuses on particular attributes of the media message.</div>
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Lei Gau in his chapter “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Toward a Third-Level of Agenda-Setting Theory: A Network Agenda Setting Model</em>” in the book <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Agenda Setting in a 2.0 World: New Agendas in Communicati</em>on, looks at how attributes connect as a media story unfolds, such as in a political race for office. Does trustworthiness trend alongside leadership, for instance?</div>
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Implications of Agenda Setting Theory</h2>
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As continued research is conducted into agenda setting, what topics the media presents, how it presents them, and what attributes are connected as the story evolves, more light will be shed on how we are led to pay attention to different news topics, and on how we are led to conclusions about these topics.</div>
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Agenda setting theory has made its mark. Today, complaints of media bias are indeed common place. A savvy consumer of news items will be wary. Checking news items against our own value systems allows us to see through the agendas of others.</div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-73690326988588577972014-05-15T02:53:00.001-07:002018-05-09T14:01:35.425-07:00List of various newspapers published in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A list of newspapers with hyperlink of their websites.But don't rely on these only. There are various others that you have to maintain your own list.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Various Newspaper</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.aajkaal.net/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Aajkaal</a><br />Bengali daily featuring news, sports, and cultural events.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.aajkaal.net</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.agranews.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Agra News</a><br />Covering news geared toward the Agra district. Includes local, career, sports, tourism, business news, and more.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.agranews.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.amarujala.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Amar Ujala</a><br />Daily publication in Hindi featuring news and entertainment.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.amarujala.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.anandabazar.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Anandabazar Patrika</a><br />Offers news in Bengali.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.anandabazar.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.freenewsonline.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Ashirwad</a><br />Features headlines, sports, business, and finance news from national and regional sources.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.freenewsonline.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.assamtribune.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Assam Tribune, The</a><br />Daily edition from Guwahati.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.assamtribune.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.b4uindia.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">B4U India</a><br />Offers news, yellow pages, web directory, and community forums for India.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.b4uindia.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.bhatkalnews.8m.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Bhatkal News</a><br />Urdu language news paper from Karnataka.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.bhatkalnews.8m.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.bihartimes.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Bihar Times</a><br />Includes development issues, matrimonials, and profiles of districts.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.bihartimes.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.business-standard.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Business Standard</a><br />Focuses on economic news and features.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.business-standard.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Daily Excelsior</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.dailyexcelsior.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Daily Excelsior</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.dailyexcelsior.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.dailythanthi.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Daily Thanthi</a><br />Daily news in Tamil.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.dailythanthi.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.dainikaikya.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Dainik Aikya</a><br />News in Marathi.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.dainikaikya.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.bhaskar.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Dainik Bhaskar</a><br />In Hindi, features news from Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.bhaskar.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.jagran.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Dainik Jagran</a><br />Online Hindi portal from Dainik Jagran and Yahoo! India featuring current affairs, sports, entertainment, and lifestyle.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.jagran.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.deccan.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Deccan Chronicle</a><br />National daily from Andhra Pradesh.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.deccan.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.deccanherald.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Deccan Herald</a><br />Online edition of national daily from Bangalore, Karnataka.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.deccanherald.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.deepika.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Deepika</a><br />In Malayalam.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.deepika.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.deepikaglobal.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">DeepikaGlobal</a><br />Offers world, national, state, business, and sports news for Indians.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.deepikaglobal.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.dinamalar.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Dinamalar</a><br />Tamil language newspaper in India.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.dinamalar.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.dnaindia.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">DNA India</a><br />Online edition of the English daily. Features news, e-paper, blogs, and picture gallery.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.dnaindia.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.eenadu.net/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Eeenadu</a><br />In Telugu.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.eenadu.net</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Gujarat Samachar</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.gujaratsamachar.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.gujarat-samachar.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Gujerat Samachar</a><br />Gujarati language newspaper from Europe.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.gujarat-samachar.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.hinduonline.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Hindu, The</a><br />Daily online edition. Features news from India.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.hinduonline.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Hindustan Times</a><br />Daily online edition. Features business, cricket, cinema, and lifestyle.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.hindustantimes.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.indiaabroad.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">India Abroad</a><br />Weekly publication featuring Indian news, politics, economics, and classifieds.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.indiaabroad.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.indiadaily.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">India Daily</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.indiadaily.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.expressindia.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Indian Express</a><br />Indian Express newspaper. Includes latest news, The Financial Express, columninsts, group events, and city newslines.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.expressindia.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.expressindia.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Indian Express</a><br />Daily online edition of the Indian Express featuring featuring news briefs, columnists, entertainment coverage, and more.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.expressindia.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.indianexpress.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Indian Express</a><br />National daily news and analysis for India.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.indianexpress.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.thokalath.com/news/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Indian News</a><br />Provides links to newspapers, magazines, and online sources.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.thokalath.com/news</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.indiapress.org/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Indiapress</a><br />Includes a collection of Indian newspapers in Tamil, Hindi, Urdu, Telugu, Malayalam, and more.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.indiapress.org</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.inquilab.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Inquilab, The</a><br />Urdu daily.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.inquilab.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.jalnews.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Jal News</a><br />Daily publication from Delhi.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.jalnews.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.kashmirobserver.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Kashmir Observer</a><br />Includes daily events, politics, culture, and latest news.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.kashmirobserver.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.kashmirtimes.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Kashmir Times</a><br />Daily publication from Jammu and Kashmir.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.kashmirtimes.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.kaumudi.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Kaumudi Online</a><br />In Malayalam and English.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.kaumudi.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.keralax.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Kerala Express Malayalam Newspaper</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.keralax.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.lokmat.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Lokmat Times</a><br />Daily news paper with national, regional, Marathi, sports, entertainment, art and culture news.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.lokmat.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.manoramaonline.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Malayala Manorama</a><br />Also available in Malayalam.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.manoramaonline.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.mangalam.net/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Mangalam</a><br />Newspaper in Malayalam?.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.mangalam.net</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://manipuronline.tripod.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Manipur Online</a><br />Contains news and pictures, co-hosted with Hueiyen Lanpao.<br /><span style="color: green;">manipuronline.tripod.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.mathrubhumi.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Mathrubhumi</a><br />In Malayalam.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.mathrubhumi.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.mid-day.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Mid Day</a><br />Offers news on India, Bollywood, cricket, and more.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.mid-day.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.milap.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Milap</a><br />In Urdu and Hindi from Delhi, Jullundar, and Hyderabad.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.milap.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.munsifdaily.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Munsif Daily Online</a><br />News in Urdu.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.munsifdaily.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.naidunia.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Naidunia</a><br />Hindi daily.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.naidunia.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.navhindtimes.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Navhind Times</a><br />Online edition of the newspaper in Goa.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.navhindtimes.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.nflash.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Neighbourhood Flash</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.nflash.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.newindpress.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">newindpress.com</a><br />Daily online edition.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.newindpress.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.newsindia-times.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">News India Times</a><br />Online edition.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.newsindia-times.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.newstodaynet.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">News Today</a><br />Evening daily from South India.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.newstodaynet.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.onlineindiannews.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Online Indian News</a><br />News and views from India, covering general news, NRI, tourism, Bollywood, entertainment, and more.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.onlineindiannews.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.patnadaily.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">PatnaDaily</a><br />Online resource for news and entertainment in the Patna area.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.patnadaily.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Pioneer, The</a><br />Daily online edition.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.dailypioneer.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.prajavani.net/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Prajavani Online</a><br />Offers national and regional news. In Kannada.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.prajavani.net</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.sangbadpratidin.net/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Pratidin Online</a><br />In Bengali.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.sangbadpratidin.net</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.pudhari.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Pudhari</a><br />News in Marathi.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.pudhari.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.rajasthanpatrika.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Rajasthan Patrika</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.rajasthanpatrika.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.esakal.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Sakal</a><br />In Marathi.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.esakal.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.samachar.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Samachar</a><br />Features news headlines from various Indian newspapers and online resources. Also create your own personalized Indian newspaper.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.samachar.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.thesamaja.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Samaja</a><br />In Oriya.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.thesamaja.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.sambhaav.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Sambhaav</a><br />In Gujarati.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.sambhaav.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.sandesh.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Sandesh</a><br />Online edition in Gujarati and English.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.sandesh.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.sanjevani.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Sanjevani</a><br />Evening daily offering local and national news. In Kannada.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.sanjevani.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.sanjhsavera.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Sanjh Savera</a><br />Punjabi newspaper.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.sanjhsavera.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.sentinelassam.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Sentinel, The</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.sentinelassam.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.theshillongtimes.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Shillong Times, The</a><br />English daily featuring local and regional news.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.theshillongtimes.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.siasat.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Siasat Daily</a><br />Urdu daily.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.siasat.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.starofmysore.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Star of Mysore</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.starofmysore.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.thestatesman.net/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Statesman, The</a><br />Daily publication from Calcutta.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.thestatesman.net</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.tamilheadlines.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Tamil Headlines</a><br />In Tamil.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.tamilheadlines.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.tarunbharat.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Tarun Bharat Daily</a><br />In Marathi.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.tarunbharat.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Telegraph</a><br />Focuses on Eastern India.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.telegraphindia.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.indiadirect.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Thina Boomi</a><br />Daily Tamil newspaper from Tamil Nadu.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.indiadirect.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.timesofindia.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Times of India, The</a><br />Online edition of the Times of India with breaking news, sports, entertainment coverage, classifieds, columnists, and more.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.timesofindia.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Tribune, The</a><br />Daily from Chandigarh.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.tribuneindia.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.vaarttha.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Vaarttha</a><br />News in Telugu, Hindi, and English.<br /><span style="color: green;">www.vaarttha.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://vijaytimesepaper.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Vijay Times</a><br />E-paper of the English daily, Vijay Times. Requires registration.<br /><span style="color: green;">vijaytimesepaper.com</span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px;"><a href="http://www.thevoiceofmillions.com/" style="color: #663399; font-size: 16px;">Voice of Millions</a><br /><span style="color: green;">www.thevoiceofmillions.com</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: right;"> Regionwise</span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
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<div class="intro-break" style="background-color: white; color: darkolivegreen; float: left; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 400px;">
<h2 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Regional English Newspapers</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.ptinews.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">PTI News</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.indiadaily.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">India Daily</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.tehelka.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Tehelka</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
New Delhi News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">India Today</a> Delhi</li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Pioneer</a> New Delhi</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Kolkata News (Calcutta)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The Telegraph</a> <a href="http://www.calcuttapost.com/" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Calcutta Post</a>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.ganashakti.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">GanaShakti</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Goa News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.gomantaktimes.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Gomantak Times</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.indiaexpress.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">India Express</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.navhindtimes.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Navhind Times</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Orissa News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.orissasambad.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Sambad</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.dharitri.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Dharitri</a> Oriya</li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.sentinelassam.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">The Sentinel</a> English</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Jammu & Kashmir News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.kashmirobserver.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Kashmir Observer</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Daily Excelsior</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.greaterkashmir.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Greater Kashmir</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.kashmirtimes.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Kashmir Times</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Others</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.deccanherald.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Deccan Herald</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.asianage.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">The Asian Age</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://assamtribune.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">The Assam Tribune</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.bharatsamachar.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Bharat Samachar</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.dailythanthi.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Daily Thanthi</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.patnadaily.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Patna Daily</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.ranchiexpress.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Ranchi Express</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.bihartimes.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Bihar Times</a> Bihar</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ma" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Malayalam News</a> (Kerala)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.malayalamanorama.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Malayalam Manorama Daily</a> Malayalam</li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.mathrubhumi.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Mathrubhumi</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.mangalam.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Mangalam</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.keralax.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Kerala Express</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.deshabhimani.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Deshabhimani Daily</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.deepika.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Deepika</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.keralakaumudi.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Kerala Kaumudi</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.malayalavartha.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Malayala Vartha</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="pa" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Punjabi Newspapers</a> Punjab</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">The Tribune</a> Chandigarh, Punjab</li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.ajitweekly.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Ajit Weekly</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.ajitjalandhar.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Ajit Jalandhar</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><a href="http://www.5abi.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Weekly newspaper in Gurmukhi</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="intro-map" style="background-color: white; float: left; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 298px;">
<h2 style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Regional Language Newspapers</h2>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="be" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Bengali Newspapers</a> West Bengal</h3>
<ul style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.suprovat.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Dainik Suprovat</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.aajkaal.net/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Aaj Kaal</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.sambad.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Sambad</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.anandabazar.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">AnandaBazar Patrika</a></li>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gu" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Gujarati Newspapers</a> (Gujarat)</h3>
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<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Gujarat Samachar</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.sambhaav.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Sambhaav</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.sandesh.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Sandesh</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Divya Bhaskar</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.bombaysamachar.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Bombay Samachar</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.akilanews.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Akila News</a></li>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="hi" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Hindi Newspapers</a> (North India)</h3>
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<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.jagran.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Dainik Jagran</a> Hindi</li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.naidunia.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Nai Dunia</a> Indore</li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.bhaskar.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Dainik Bhaskar</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">NavBharat Times</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.amarujala.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Amar Ujala</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.rashtriyasahara.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Rashtriya Sahara</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.rajasthanpatrika.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Rajastan Patrika</a></li>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ka" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Kannada Newspapers</a> Karnataka</h3>
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<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.sanjevani.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Sanjevani</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.udayavani.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Udayavani</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.kannadaprabha.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Kannada Prabha</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.prajavani.net/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Prajavani</a></li>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="mr" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Marathi Newspapers</a> Maharastra</h3>
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<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.dailykesari.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Kesari</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.lokmat.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Lokmat</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.loksatta.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Loksatta</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.maharashtratimes.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Maharastra Times</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.dainikaikya.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Dainik Aikya</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.pudhari.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Pudhari</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.esakal.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Sakal</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.tarunbharat.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Tarun Bharat Daily</a></li>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="te" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Telugu Newspapers</a> (Andhra Pradesh)</h3>
<ul style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;">
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eenadu.net/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Eenadu</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.vaartha.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Vaartha</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.andhraprabha.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Andhra Prabha</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.andhrabhoomi.net/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Andhra Bhoomi</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.www.andhrajyothy.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Andhra Jyothy</a></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ta" style="color: #3c3c3c; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;">Tamil Newspapers</a> (Tamil Nadu)</h3>
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<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.vikatan.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Ananda Vikatan</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.dinakaran.com/tamil.htm" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Dinakaran</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.dinamalar.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Dinamalar</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.kumudam.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Kumudam</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.viduthalai.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Viduthalai</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.thinaboomi.com/" style="color: #bc45bd; cursor: pointer !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;" target="_blank">Thinaboomi</a></li>
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<span style="color: darkolivegreen;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"> </span></span><b style="line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large;">Statewise</span></b><span style="color: darkolivegreen;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large;"> </span></b></span></div>
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<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Andhra Pradesh</li>
</ul>
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<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.andhrabhoomi.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Andhra Bhoomi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.andhrajyothy.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Andhra Jyothi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.andhranews.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Andhra News</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.deccanchronicle.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Deccan Chronicle</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.eenadu.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Eenadu</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.greatandhra.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Great Andhra</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.hindimilap.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Hindi Milap</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.munsifdaily.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Munsif</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.prajasakti.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Praja Sakti</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sakshi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Saksi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.siasat.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Siasat</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.suryaa.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Suryaa</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.telugupeople.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Telugu People</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.vaartha.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Vaartha</a></li>
</ul>
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<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Arunachal Pradesh</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.arunachaltimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The Arunachal Times</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Assam</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ajirdainikbatori.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ajir Dainik Batori</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.pratidinassam.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Asomiya Pratidin</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.assamtribune.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Assam Tribune</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.assamiyakhabor.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Assamiya Khabor</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.asomiyapratidin.co.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Asomiya Pratidin</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dainikagradoot.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dainik Agradoot</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sentinelassam.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The Sentinel</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.timesofassam.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Times of Assam</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Bihar</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.bihartimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bihar Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.patnadaily.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Patna Daily</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Chandigarh</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.newstodaylive.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">News Today Live</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tribune</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Chhattisgarh</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.deshbandhu.co.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Deshbandhu</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Delhi</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.agriwatch.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Agri Watch</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.allindianews.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">All India News</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.amarujala.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Amar Ujala</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.asianage.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Asian Age</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.business-standard.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Business Standard</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.mydigitalfc.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Financial Chronicle</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.expressnewsindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Jabalpur Express</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.haribhoomi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Hari Bhoomi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.headlinesindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Headlines India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Hindustan Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.intoday.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">In Today</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.indianotes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">India Notes</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.indiatimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">India Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.india.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">India.Com</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.indiasnews.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">India's News</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.indusscitech.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Indusscitech</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">International Business Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.mailtoday.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Mail Today</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.merinews.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Meri News</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.milap.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Milap</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.milligazette.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Milli Gazette</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.livemint.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Mint</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.newstrackindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Newstrack India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.onlineindiannews.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Online Indian News</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pioneer</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.prabhasakshi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Prabhasakshi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ptinews.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Press Trust of India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.rashtriyasahara.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Rashtriya Sahara</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.rediff.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Rediff</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://in.reuters.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Reuters</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.samachaar.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Samachaar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.samachar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Samachar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sify.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sify</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dayafterindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The DayAfter</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.thisismyindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">This Is My India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.timesofindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Times of India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.uniindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">United News of India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.univarta.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Univarta</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.virarjun.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Vir Arjun</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Goa</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.goacom.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Goacom</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.navhindtimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Navhind Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.oheraldo.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">O Heraldo</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.v-ixtt.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Vavraddeacho IXTT</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Gujarat</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.aajkaaldaily.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Aajkal</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ahmedabad.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ahmedabad</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ahmedabad Mirror</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Divya Bhaskar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.gujaratplus.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Gujarat Plus</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Gujarat Samachar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.gujarattoday.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Gujarat Today</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.jaihinddaily.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Jai Hind</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.janmabhoominewspapers.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Janmabhoomi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kutchmitradaily.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kutchmitra</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.nobat.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Nobat</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sambhaav.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sambhaav</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sandesh.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sandesh</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.theeconomicrevolution.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The Economic Revolution</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Haryana</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.gurgaoncitynews.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Gurgaon News</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Himachal Pradesh</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.tibettimes.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tibet Times</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Jammu and Kashmir</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Daily Excelsior</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.greaterkashmir.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Greater Kashmir</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kashmirlive.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kashmir Live</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kashmirobserver.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kashmir Observer</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kashmirtimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kashmir Times</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Jharkhand</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Prabhat Khabar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ranchiexpress.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ranchi Express</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Karnataka</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.bangaloremirror.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bangalore Mirror</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Deccan Herald</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kannadaprabha.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kannada Prabha</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.oneindia.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">One India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.prajapragathi.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Praja Pragathi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.prajavani.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Prajavani</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sahilonline.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sahil Online Net</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sahilonline.org/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sahil Online</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sanjevani.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sanjevani</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.starofmysore.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Star of Mysore</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.tarunbharat.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tarun Bharat</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.thatscricket.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">That's Cricket</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.udayavani.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Udayavani</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Vijay Karnataka</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Kerala</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.deepikaglobal.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Deepika</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.deshabhimani.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Deshabhimani</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.generaldaily.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">General Daily</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kaumudi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kaumudi Online</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.keralakaumudi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kerala Kaumudi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.keralanext.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kerala Next</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.madhyamamonline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Madhyamam</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.mangalam.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Mangalam</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.manoramaonline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Malayala Manorama</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.mathrubhumi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Mathrubhumi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.newkerala.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">New Kerala</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.thejasnews.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Thejas</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Madhya Pradesh</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.bhaskar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dainik Bhaskar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.naidunia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Naidunia</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.navabharat.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Nava Bharat</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.rajexpress.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Raj Express</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Maharashtra</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.bombaysamachar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bombay Samachar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.chitralekha.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Chitralekha</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dailykesari.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kesari</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dainikaikya.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dainik Aikya</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.deshonnati.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Deshonnati</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">DNA</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.economictimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Economic Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Financial Express</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.freepressjournal.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Free Press Journal</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ehitavada.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Hitavada</a></li>
<div data-WRID="WRID-152498697379331642" data-widgetType="Push Content" data-class="affiliateAdsByFlipkart" height="90" width="728"></div><script async src="//affiliate.flipkart.com/affiliate/widgets/FKAffiliateWidgets.js"></script>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Indian Express</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.inquilab.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Inquilab</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.lokmat.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Lokmat</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.loksatta.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Loksatta</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.mumbaimirror.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Mumbai Mirror</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.pratahkal.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pratahkal</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.pudhari.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pudhari</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.punemirror.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pune Mirror</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sakaaltimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sakaal Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.esakal.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sakal</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Manipur</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.e-pao.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">E Pao</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ifp.co.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Imphal Free Press</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kanglaonline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kangla Online</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.poknapham.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Poknapham</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sangai Express</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Meghalaya</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.theshillongtimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The Shillong Times</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Mizoram</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.vanglaini.org/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Vanglaini</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Nagaland</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Eastern Mirror</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.morungexpress.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Morung Express</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.nagalandpage.co.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Nagaland Page</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.nagalandpost.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Nagaland Post</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.tiryimyim.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tir Yimyim</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Orissa</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dharitri.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dharitri</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.orissaindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Orissa India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.orissainfoline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Orissa Infoline</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.pragativadi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pragativadi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.orissasamaya.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Samaya</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.orissasambad.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sambad</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.thesamaja.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Samaj</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Punjab</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ajitjalandhar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ajit</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.charhdikala.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Charhdikala</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.deshvideshtimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Desh Videsh Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.jagbani.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Jag Bani</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.punjabglobe.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Punjab Globe</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.punjabkesari.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Punjab Kesari</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.punjabmailonline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Punjab Mail Online</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.punjabnewsline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Punjab Newsline</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.rozanaspokesman.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Rozana Spokesman</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Rajasthan</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dainiknavajyoti.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dainik Navajyoti</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.nafanuksan.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Nafa Nuksan</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.rajasthanpatrika.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Rajasthan Patrika</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.seemasandesh.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Seema Sandesh</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.wespeaknews.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">WeSpeakNews</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Sikkim</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.haalkhabar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Haalkhabar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.himgirinepali.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Himgiri</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sikkimexpress.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sikkim Express</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Tamil Nadu</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.annanagartimes.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Anna Nagar Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.blonnet.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Business Line</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.chennaionline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Chennai Online</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.chennaivision.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Chennai Vision</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dailythanthi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Daily Thanthi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dinakaran.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dinakaran</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dinamalar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dinamalar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dinamani.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dinamani</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.goergo.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ergo</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Hindu</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kumudam.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kumudam</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.maalaimalar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Maalai Malar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.maalaisudar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Maalai Sudar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.makkalkuralonline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Makkal Kural</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.expressbuzz.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">New Indian Express</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.newstodaynet.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">News Today</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.tamilsudr.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tamil Sudar</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.thinaboomi.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Thina Boomi</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.viduthalai.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Viduthalai</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Tripura</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dailydesherkatha.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Daily Desher Katha</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.neindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">NE India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.tripuraindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tripura India</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.tripurainfo.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tripura Info</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.tripuratimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tripura Times</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Uttar Pradesh</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.agranews.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Agra News</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.jagran.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dainik Jagran</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dlamedia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">DLA</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.swatantrachetna.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Swatantra Chetna</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.upkhabar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Upkhabar</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>Uttarakhand</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.dehradunclassified.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dehradun Classified</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.garhwalpost.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Garhwal Post</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /></div>
<ul class="ulstates" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li>West Bengal</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #3366cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.aajkaal.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Aajkaal</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.anandabazar.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Anandabazar Patrika</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.bartamanpatrika.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bartaman Patrika</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.bengalnet.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bengal Net</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.calonline.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Cal Online</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.suprovat.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dainik Suprovat</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Darjeeling Times</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.ganashakti.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ganashakti</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.kolkatamirror.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kolkata Mirror</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sangbad Pratidin</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.sanmarg.in/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sanmarg</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.thestatesman.net/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Statesman</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Telegraph</a></li>
<li class="linewspapers" style="color: #777777;"><a class="acolor" href="http://www.uttarbangasambad.com/" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Uttar Banga Sambad</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="color: darkolivegreen; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-15967998038548093662014-05-14T02:39:00.001-07:002020-10-27T09:37:15.408-07:00First and Second Press Commission and Press Council of India --- Important question answers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Question and Answers related to Press Commissions and Press Council of India.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q1- Who was the chairman of First Press Commission?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- Justice J.S.Rajadhyakhsa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q2- When was the First Press Commission formed?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- 23rd Sept 1952.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q3- Which Press Commission recommended establishment of Press Council of India?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- First Press Commission.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q3- Which Press Commission recommended establishment of Registrar of Newspaper for India?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- First Press Commission.</span></div>
<div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q4- Which Press Commission recommended introduction of Price Page Schedule?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- First Press Commission.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q5- When was the Press Council of India established?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- July 4, 1966.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q6- When was National Press Day celebrated?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- Nov 16, 1966.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q7- What are the recommendations of First Press Commission and which recommendations were accepted by the government?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans-</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> • To protect the freedom of the press and to maintain high standards of journalism, a press council should be established. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>press council of India was established on July 4, 1966</b> which started functioning from November 16 (on this date, National Press Day is celebrated) 1966.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">• To prepare the account of the press and the position of every year, there should be appointment of the <b>Registrar of Newspaper for India (RNI)</b>.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was also accepted and RNI was <b>appointed in July 1956</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">• Price-page schedule should be introduced.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was also accepted in 1956.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">• For maintaining a cordial relationship between the government and the Press, a Press Consultative Committee should be constituted.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was accepted and a Press Consultative Committee was constituted on 22nd September</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1962.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">• Working Journalists Act should be implemented. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The government implemented this and in 1955 the working journalist and other newspaper employees (conditions of services) and miscellaneous Provisions Act was set up.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">• It recommended establishment of a fact-finding Committee to evaluate the financial position of the newspapers and news agencies. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Fact Finding Committee was set up on 14th April 1972. It submitted its report on 14th January 1975.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">• For protecting the main principles of the freedom of the press and to help the newspapers against monopolistic tendencies, a Newspaper Financial Corporation should be constituted. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was accepted in principle and on 4th December 1970, a Bill was also presented in the Lok Sabha, but it lapsed. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q8- Who was the First chairman of Press Council of India?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- Shri Justice J.R. Mudholkar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q9- Who was the chairman of Second Press Commission?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- Justice P. K. Goswami. But he and his colleagues resigned when new government came to power at Centre in 1980. New Chairman was Justice K.K. Mathew.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q10- What are the recommendations of Second Press Commission?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Ans- </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The commission saw the role of the press in a developing country as being ' neither that of an adversary nor an ally of the government'.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">It recommended newspapers should refrain from sensational presentation of news on outbreak of communal disturbance.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Press Council should continue, should be given powers to deny accreditation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Inclusion of 'respect for privacy' in the Press Council Act of 1978.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Editor take the responsibility of all matter published in newspaper, including the advertisements.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Establishment of Newspaper Development Corporation , a body to promote the development of the press.</span><br />
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-50553364745651469902014-05-05T23:53:00.001-07:002014-05-05T23:53:51.229-07:00‘Acta Diurna’ – The first official text of Rome<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The “Acta” was the official text of ancient Rome. It was first written in 131 B.C. and it was carved into stone or metal. For the most part, the “Acta” was a public document. However, it was sometimes restricted by the government.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In 59 B.C., Julius Caesar ordered the posting of the “Acta” in public places so that citizens could be more easily informed on what was going on around town. One could say that the “Acta” is one of the earliest predecessors of the newsbook.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In Rome, there were two types of this early news publication. One of them was the “Acta Diurna”. It was also known as the “Acta Populi” and it including everything from court news and emperor decrees to the announcement of marriages, births and deaths.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The “Acta Diurna” was posted in a public place on a day-to-day basis and taken down after being posted for a reasonable amount of time. After they were taken down, they were stored with other documents so that they could be used for research purposes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The other type of “Acta” was the “Acta Senatus”. This text recorded the hearings and decisions of the Roman Senate. Originally, these documents were published only occasionally. A young senator was usually given the responsibility of recording the sessions of the Senate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Along with the “Acta Diurna”, Caesar made the “Acta Senatus” public in an attempt to please the citizens. However, when Augustus took control of Rome, he made it forbidden to publish the “Acta Senatus”. Instead, the documents were stored in government archives and one needed special permission in order to view them.</span></div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-387673334893523942014-04-26T04:07:00.000-07:002018-05-09T14:03:33.238-07:00Top Journalists of India <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This question become important when you have to match a journalist with a newspaper/ tv channel in UGC paper. So i am providing a list of important Indian Journalists.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Note:- Don't rely on this list only. Make your own notes and update them seriously.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">1.<b> Rajat Sharma</b> is a well known face in the Indian News Industry. He is the founder of the Indian Hindi news channel <b>India TV</b>. He is best known for hosting the show <b>Aap Ki Adaalat</b> and Breaking News. Being in this Industry for a number of years, Rajat Sharma was one of the youngest Editors in the print media at the national level. Rajat Sharma’s journalistic stamina ahs made him immensely successful and his show Aap Ki Adaalat is undoubtedly one of the most respected interview shows ever on Indian television. Rajat Sharma is married to Ritu Dhawan.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">2.<b> Barkha Dutt</b> is an eminent Media personality of India. She is a popular Indian TV journalist and columnist. Barkha dutt gained popularity for her reportage of Kargil War. She has bagged many national and international awards. She is honoured with The Padma Shri Award, which is India’s fourth highest civilian honour. She writes a <b>column for The Hindustan Times</b>. She is a <b>group editor with NDTV.</b> Barkha was born in New Delhi on 18 December 1971 and received her education from New Delhi. In 2008, Barkha Dutt received the Indian News Broadcasting Award for the Most Intelligent News Show Host. Her talent and capability makes her one of the most intellgent and prominent Media person in India.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">3. <b>Vinod Dua</b> is one of the most widely popular names in India Media today. He has been associated with this Industry since 1974. He was awarded the Padma Shri for Journalism in 2008.. He has witnessed the transition of Indian television from Government owned to the multi channel broadcasting industry. Vinod Dua is a famous anchor, political commentator, election analyst, producer and director. He is most prominently known for his very famous show <b>Zaika India Ka on NDTV</b>, in which he travels places and imparts information about the delicacies of different cities, states and countries.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Other notable programs he has anchored include</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Tasveer-e-Hind (1997–98) on DD3,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Chunav Chunauti (March, 1998) on Sony Entertainment Television,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Election analysis (1999) on Zee News,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Pratidin and Parakh (2000–2003) on Sahara TV</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">and Kaun Banega Mukhyamantri (2003) on STAR News</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Vinod Dua is presently associated with <b>IBN7</b> for daily news and analysis, election and budget analysis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">4. <b>Prabhu Chawla</b> is the former editor of language publications in <b>India Today</b>, India’s leading weekly newsmagazine. He is currently the editor-in-cheif of <b>The New Indian Express</b> newspaper in India, it is a Chennai-based english newspaper. Prabhu Chawla was born in 1946 and is better known for his analytical approach and sharp political judgement. He hosts the very popular show <b>“Seedhi Baat”</b>, which is a talk show with celebrity guests. Prabhu Chawla was awarded Padma Bhushan by the Government in 2003. He is married and has two sons Ankur and Anubhav. Now Prabhu Chawla hosts a new talk show on ETV called <b>Sachchi Baat</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">5. <b>Richa Anirudh</b> is an <b>IBN 7</b> Television news anchor. She is one of the most prominent faces of Indian Media Industry. She is from New Delhi and She hosts famous show <b>“Zindagi Live”</b> on IBN7. In the year 2004, Richa Anirudh was selected among the 12 best anchors of next generation across Indian news channels by Pitch magazine. She was honored with “Best Anchor’s Award” in 2005 by Ekta Mission. She has earlier worked with Indian News Channel <b>Headlines Today</b> and <b>Channel 7</b>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">6. <b>Pankaj Pachauri</b> is from Lucknow and is a senior TV anchor, associated with <b>NDTV</b>. Currently he hosts many program in NDTV including well known <b>HUM LOG</b> and <b>Money Mantra</b> in NDTV India and NDTV Profit. He is a very eminent journalist and has won many prestigious awards. He was honoured with ‘The Statesman Award for Rural Reporting’ in 1989. He also recieved the Srikant Verma Award for journalism in 1990. He has formerly been associated with international media houses inlcuding BBC, Department of Journalism at Berkeley, University of California. He is currently the Managing Editor of NDTV.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">7. <b>Vir Sanghvi</b> is an eminent journalist from Mumbai. He is an Indian print and television journalist, columnist, and talk show host. Vir Sanghvi has a way too long association with the India Media Industry. He was the <b>founder-editor of the Bombay magazine</b> at the age of 23. He later edited <b>Imprint</b> and <b>Sunday magazine</b>. He is also the former editor of <b>Hindustan Times</b>. Currently, he is an Advisor, at HT Media. Vir Sanghvi has hosted a number of shows which include A Question of Answers, Cover Story and Star Talk, Face the Music and One on One. He has also authored a biography of the late Madhavrao Scindia, which was released by Sonia Gandhi in 2009, in Delhi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">8. <b>Prannoy Roy</b> is the founder of NDTV India. He is a popular media journalist and serves as the Executive Chairperson of <b>NDTV</b>. Prannoy is from Kolkata and is married to Radhika Roy, who is popular communist politician Brinda Karat’s sister. Also, popular social activitist and author Arundhati roy is Prannoy’s first cousin. NDTV is India’s leading news and current affairs network today. Prannoy hold a Ph.D in Economics from the Delhi School of Economics. He is a qualified Chartered Accountant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">9. <b>Rajdeep Sardesai</b> is a popular Indian journalist associated with the Industry for over 15 years. He is an eminent political commentator and news presenter. He is the <b>Editor-in-Chief of IBN18 Network</b>, that includes CNN-IBN, IBN-7 and IBN-Lokmat. He is the former head of the Department of Sociology at St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. He is married to Sagarika Ghose, a journalist and fellow senior editor and anchor at CNN-IBN, since 1994. They have two children, son Ishan and daughter Tarini. Rajdeep entered the Television Media Industry in 1994.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">10. <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><b>Arnan Goswami</b> is the News anchor of the Indian news channel <b>Times Now</b>. He is an eminent Indian journalist and is the Editor-in-chief of Times Now. He has a prominent contribution to the rise of Times Now Channel. It was launched in January 2006. Popular shows which he hosts are The Newshour, Frankly Speaking with Arnab. Arnab has recieved a number of awards and has written a book named Combating Terrorism: The Legal Challenge. He is widely considered to be one of the top four English News TV journalists in India- other three being- Karan Thapar, Barkha Dutt and Rajdeep Sardesai.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">11. </span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><b>Shereen Bhan</b> is one of the news journalist and anchor on the other hand Delhi Bureau Chief and Executive Editor of <b>CNBC- TV 18</b>. She started her career as news resercher with Karan Thapar. Shereen with her beauty and unique style of anchoring made her popular in this field. She has worked with <b>UTV</b> as an Associate Producer and currently working with CNBC-TV 18. She has also produced some of the famous shows such as ”We The People” and ”Line of Fire”. She has been felicitated as ”<b>FICCI Woman of the year 2005</b>″.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">12. <b>Shekhar Gupta</b> is one of the most leading journalist which later led him to become Editor-in-chief of leading newspaper <b>The Indian Express</b>. His 33 year record in Indian journalism credit him with some of the most important news break of the indian journalism. He joined Indian Express as a reporter and since then make this foundation fearless, fair and independent.He has covered some of the most courageous news stories such as north-east insurgency and US terrorist attack and many more. He has <b>weekly column ”National Interest”</b> which is the subject of his forthcoming book which covers various issues.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">13. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 19px;"><b>Sagarika Ghose</b> is one of the most noted journalist who has been working in this field since two decades. She has been working since 1991 with some of the most prestigious publications The <b>Outlook Magazine</b> as well as news channels such as <b>Times of India</b> and <b>The Indian Express</b>. Currently she is working as Deputy Editor and Prime time anchor on famous news network <b>CNN-IBN</b>. Being a part of doing extensive reporting on elections and features stories, she started her show <b>‘’Face the Nation’’</b> from which she got award for best presented news show.</span></span><br />
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14. <b>Suzanna Arundhati Roy</b>(born 24 November 1961) is an Indian author and political activist who is best known for the 1998 Man Booker Prize for Fiction-winning novel <b>The God of Small Things</b> (1997) and for her involvement in human rights and environmental causes. Roy's novel became the biggest-selling book by a nonexpatriate Indian author.Roy is a cousin of prominent media personality Prannoy Roy, the head of the leading Indian TV media group NDTV.[Since the success of her novel, Roy has written a television serial, The Banyan Tree, and the documentary DAM/AGE: A Film with Arundhati Roy (2002).</span></span></span>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">15. </span><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Deepak Chaurasia</b> is a controversial Indian journalist and Hindi-language news anchor for <b>India News</b>. He is the host of Tonight with Deepak Chaurasia. Deepak cofounded Aaj Tak. In 2003 he joined DD News as a consulting editor. He returned to <b>Aaj Tak</b> in July 2004. Aaj Tak is a leading Hindi current affairs channel from the TV Today Network. He later joined <b>STAR News</b> which became <b>ABP News</b>. Deepak joined <b>India News in the capacity of editor-in-chief </b>in January 2013.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">16. </span><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Karan Thapar</b> is an Indian journalist and a television commentator and interviewer. He was associated with <b>CNN-IBN</b> and hosted <b>The Devil's Advocate</b> and <b>The Last Word</b>. He is currently associated with <b>Headlines Today</b> and hosts the show <b>To the Point</b>.He began his career in journalism with <b>The Times</b> in Lagos, Nigeria and later worked as their Leader Writer on the Indian subcontinent till 1981. In 1982 he joined London Weekend Television where he worked for the next 11 years. He then moved to India where he worked with <b>The Hindustan Times</b> Television Group, Home TV and United Television before setting up his own production house in August 2001, Infotainment Television, which makes programmes for amongst others BBC, Doordarshan and Channel News Asia.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Currently the <b>President of Infotainment Television</b>, Thapar is noted for his aggressive interviews with leading politicians and celebrities- his interviews with cricketer Kapil Dev, Narendra Modi, George Fernandes, J. Jayalalithaa, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, General Pervez Musharraf, Benazir Bhutto, Arun Jaitley, Ram Jethmalani, U.S Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and The Dalai Lama are particularly well remembered.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">In April 2014, Thapar quit CNN-IBN to join <b>Headlines Today</b>. He hosts the new show of the Chanel titled To the Point whose pilot episode run on 1 April 2014.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">17. <b>Ravish Kumar</b> is an Indian TV anchor and journalist. He hosts many program in <b>NDTV</b> including the well known '<b>Prime Time</b>','<b>Hum Log</b>' and '<b>Ravish Ki Report</b>. He was honoured with the <b>Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism</b> Award for the <b>Journalist of the Year 2013</b> (Broadcast).He has also won the Indian news television award <b>2014 for Best News anchor(Hindi)</b>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">18. </span><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Rahul Kanwal</b> is an anchor of an Indian news channel <b>Headlines Today</b> and <b>Aaj Tak</b>. In 2007, he became the <b>youngest person to head a news channel in India</b> when he replaced outgoing director S. Srinivasan.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 19px;">He began his career with </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 19px;">Zee News</b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 19px;">, and was the youngest correspondent for that channel.Rahul Kanwal has keen interest in political and strategic affairs.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 19px;">Below is the list of some other popular journalists. These are not so much important but can't be neglected.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Alfred D'Cruz</b>, the first Indian sub-editor of The Times of India, Mumbai in 1947, when Britishers Sir Francis Low was the Editor and Claude Scott was the News Editor. Editor of The Times of India Directory & Yearbook 1984. Co-author of 'Saligao: Focus on a Picturesque Goan Village'. Awarded posthumously the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Journalist Association of India in 2012 and the Laxmidas Borkar Memorial Award in 2013.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>V. K. Hamzah Abbas,</b> an editor of the award-winning, Malayalam-language newspaper Madhyamam Daily.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>M. J. Akbar, Mobashar Jawed Akbar</b>, (11 January 1951- ) an English-language journalist and editor-in-chief for the The Sunday Guardian and Deccan Chronicle (Hyderabad).</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Javed Anand</b>, an alternative journalist, co-founder of Sabrang Communications, and co-editor of Communalism Combat, who is married to journalist Teesta Setalvad. The couple shared the Maharana Mewar Foundation's Hakim Khan Sur Award in 1999.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Dakshinaranjan Basu</b>, a journalist from Kolkata (The namesake of the Dakshinaranjan Basu Memorial Award).</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Praful Bidwai</b>, a journalist and activist against nuclear armaments, a past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award, who along with Achin Vanaik won the 2000 Sean McBride Peace Prize.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Vikram Chandra</b> (NDTV) (7 January 1967- ), a journalist, anchor, and group CEO at NDTV, and his mother is former journalist Nandini Chandra.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Amitabha Chowdhury</b>, winner of the 1961 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Shoma Chaudhury</b>, managing editor of the Indian daily Tehelka. She has won Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards for print journalism in 2007, the Chameli Devi Award in 2009, and the Mumbai Press Club Award for Political Writing in 2012 on Soni Sori titled, ‘The Inconvenient Truth of Soni Sori’.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Sucheta Dalal</b>, an influential female columnist, who is the winner of the civilian award Padma Shri in 2006.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Swapan Dasgupta</b> (3 September 1955- ), a senior editor at multiple major newspapers in India and TV personality.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Jyotirmoy Dey</b>, an investigative journalist who was murdered 11 June 2011 and posthumously awarded the Prem Bhatia Award in 2011 for political reporter of the year, which he shared with Josy Joseph.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Bahar Dutt</b>, an environmental and wildlife journalist and editor for CNN-IBN Live and winner of multiple awards, including the 2006 Ramnath Goenka Award for excellence in environmental reporting, as well as sister of Barkha Dutt</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>T. J. S. George</b> (7 May 1928- ), who is a past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Ramnath Goenka</b> Founder of India Express Group and publisher of the English-language The Indian Express, Hindi-language Jansatta, and Marathi-language Loksatta.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Gour Kishore Ghosh</b>,winner of the 1981 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Santosh Kumar Ghosh</b>, an award-winning Bengali journalist and editor of Anandabazar Patrika (The namesake of the "Santosh Kumar Ghosh Memorial Award").</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Barjinder Singh Hamdard</b> Editor-in-chief of the largest selling Punjabi-language newspaper, Daily Ajit, from Jalandhar.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>R. Jagannathan</b> Editor-in-Chief of FirstPost and business journalist.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Yusuf Jameel</b>, Kashmiri, winner of the 1996 CPJ International Press Freedom Award</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Josy Joseph, Ramnath Goenka Journalist of the Year (print) Award Winner and Prem Bhatia Award Winner.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Kalki Krishnamurthy</b>, a well-known Tamil editor, columnist and the founder of Kalki magazine.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>R. K. Laxman</b>, winner of the 1984 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Ashok Malik</b> a former editor for English-language newsapper The Pioneer and current editor for Niti Central.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Annamma Mathew</b> (22 March 1922 – 10 July 2003), chief editor of the Malayalam-language Vanitha women's magazine for Malayala Manorama and wife of K. M. Mathew.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>K. M. Mathew</b> (2 January 1917 – 1 August 2010), known as the chief editor of Malayala Manorama, which has the largest cirulation of any Malayalam-language newspaper, and husband of Annamma Mathew.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Udayan Mukherjee </b>2012, Ramnath Goenka Awards and he is Managing Editor for CNBC India.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>S. Jayachandran Nair</b>, editor of the Malayalam journal Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika, who is a past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>A G Noorani </b>(16 September 1930- ), a columnist, as well as a historian and lawyer, who is a past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Rajalakshmi Parthasarathy</b>, or Mrs. Y. G. P., (8 November 1925- ), who was a 2010 Padma Shri civilian award recipient.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Nanasaheb Parulekar</b> (September 20, 1898 – January 8, 1973), a founder of Marathi-language newspaper Sakal and chairman of the Press Trust of India, a news agency.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>N. P. Rajendran</b>, an award-winning editor of Mathrubhumiand Malayalam-language journalist.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Nidhi Razdan</b>, recipient of the 2007 Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Dr. Prannoy Roy</b> ("Father of Television Journalism in India").</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Palagummi Sainath</b>, winner of the 2007 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Niranjan Sengupta,</b> a former president of the National Union of Journalist (India) (Namesake of the "Niranjan Sengupta Memorial Award").</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Teesta Setalvad</b>, an award-winning alternative journalist and human rights activist, co-founder of Sabrang Communications, and co-editor of Communalism Combat.</span></span><br />
<div data-WRID="WRID-152498697379331642" data-widgetType="Push Content" data-class="affiliateAdsByFlipkart" height="90" width="728"></div><script async src="//affiliate.flipkart.com/affiliate/widgets/FKAffiliateWidgets.js"></script>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Arun Shourie</b>, is a World Press Freedom hero and winner of the 1982 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Samban R,</b> Award winning journalist based in Kerala. Winner of several awards inclding Press Council of India Award for rural journalism and Cushrow Irani Prize for environmental reporting.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Madhu Trehan</b> is the co-founder of India Today.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Boobli George Verghese</b>, winner of the 1975 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">If someone is left behind then comment below.I will update it.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-50018516025641779172014-04-22T03:37:00.000-07:002014-04-22T03:37:55.933-07:00Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
After you people got bored of the analysis i will upload some other important topics.<br />
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication</span></b></div>
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In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver was an American scientist both of them join together to write an article in “Bell System Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” and also called as “Shannon-Weaver model of communication”.<br />
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This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the communication process called “Noise”. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication.<br />
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The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel, message, receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsD8aRVW_wpZ_ZF6qu3-PT6BoNIskNmnvx4CXk3DOvmJ8_pxyCoCDU3noczeMyQUqUxwGc_oFaOhyphenhyphen4NSxAwh6P6x0LgKXS4PEoqZLMnvPb-wPSEXsdyt7ohtTWJxG8LAz3ytOmJqepI5pQ/s1600/shannon_weaver_model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsD8aRVW_wpZ_ZF6qu3-PT6BoNIskNmnvx4CXk3DOvmJ8_pxyCoCDU3noczeMyQUqUxwGc_oFaOhyphenhyphen4NSxAwh6P6x0LgKXS4PEoqZLMnvPb-wPSEXsdyt7ohtTWJxG8LAz3ytOmJqepI5pQ/s1600/shannon_weaver_model.jpg" height="332" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Sender</b> : The originator of message or the information source selects desire message.<br />
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<b>Encoder</b> : The transmitter which converts the message into signals.<br />
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Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data which is compactable to transmit the messages through cables or satellites. For example: In telephone the voice is converted into wave signals and it transmits through cables.<br />
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<b>Decoder</b> : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A reverse process of encode.<br />
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Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable and understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver can’t receive the exact message and it will affect the effective communication between sender and receiver.<br />
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<b>Receiver</b> : The destination of the message from sender.<br />
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Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feed back to sender. If the message distracted by noise it will affect the communication flow between sender and receiver.<br />
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<b>Noise</b>: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this process the messages may distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message.<br />
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Note : The model is clearly deals with external noises only which affect the messages or signals from external sources. For example: If there is any problems occur in network which directly affect the mobile phone communication or distract the messages.<br />
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Practical Example of Shannon-Weaver model of communication :<br />
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Mohan Singh(<strike>PM</strike>) made call to his assistant “come here I want to see you”. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant received “I want” only. Again Assistant asked Mohan (feedback) “what do you want Mohan”.<br />
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Sender : Mohan<br />
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Encoder : Telephone (Mohan)<br />
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Channel : Cable<br />
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Noise : Distraction in voice<br />
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Reception : Telephone (Assistant)<br />
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Receiver : Assistant.<br />
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Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand Mohan's messages.<br />
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*The noise which affect the communication flow between them.<br />
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Criticism of Shannon-Weaver model of communication :<br />
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1. One of the simplest model and its general applied in various communication theories.<br />
2. The model which attracts both academics of Human communication and Information theorist to leads their further research in communication.<br />
3. It’s more effective in person-to-person communication than group or mass audience.<br />
4. The model based on “Sender and Receiver”. Here sender plays the primary role and receiver plays the secondary role (receive the information or passive).<br />
5. Communication is not a one way process. If it’s behaved like that, it will lose its strength. For example: Audience or receiver who listening a radio, reading the books or watching television is a one way communication because absence of feedback.<br />
6. Understanding Noise will helps to solve the various problems in communication.</div>
Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5536633909863361796.post-34275814015427678072014-04-15T02:28:00.001-07:002014-04-15T03:31:05.332-07:00Final analysis of UGC NET Dec. 2013 IInd paper Que 36- 45<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">36. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Identify the correct sequence of marketing approach in
relation to advertising and public relations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A)
Product knowledge, prospecting, approach decision, establishing needs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B)
Establishing needs, product knowledge, approach decision, prospecting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C)
Prospecting, establishing needs, approach decision, product knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D)
Approach decision, prospecting, product knowledge, establishing needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer:-
A</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">These are </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">step wise</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">1. Firstly
you should have the product knowledge. What you want to sell? What your product
is?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">An understanding of a good
or service that might include having acquired information about its
application, function, features, use and support requirements. A business sales
representative is an example of an individual that is typically expected to
acquire considerable product knowledge about the goods and services that they
are responsible for selling to consumers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">2. Then is prospecting which
means the search for potential customers or buyers. You have to search
customers for your product in order to sell.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">3. Then the decision to
approach to the customer in order to demonstrate your product and sell it to
him/her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">4. Then the final step is
establishing needs. </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
organization that can understand why customers make decisions such as</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> such as </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">who buys, what they buy and how they buy will, by catering more closely
for customers satisfaction and needs, become potentially more successful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">37. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The correct sequence in the communication process is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A)
Selection, attention, perception, retention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B)
Attention, selection, retention, perception<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C)
Selection, retention, perception, attention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D)
Perception, attention, selection, retention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer:-
D</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Consider
a smoker. He has a perception of smoking and various smoking brands. When he watches advertisement
about cigarettes on Television then he give them attention. Various brands
are advertised and he remind and select some good brands and then go to a shop and there a problem occurs. He remember only
one brand (retention) and buy it. In this cycle the communication process
occurs. So option D is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">38. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Identify the correct sequence of the following
statutes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A) The
Press and Registration of Books Act, the Indian Telegraph Act, the Indian Penal
Code, the Indian Post Office Act.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B) The
Indian Post Office Act, the Indian Telegraph Act, the Press and Registration of
Books Act, the Indian Penal Code<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C) The
Indian Telegraph Act, the Indian Post Office Act, the Press and Registration of
Books Act, the Indian Penal Code<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D) The
Indian Penal Code, the Press and Registration of Books Act, the Indian
Telegraph Act, the Indian Post Office Act<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer:-
D</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><b>Indian
Penal Code </b>(IPC, Hindi: </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">भारतीय</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">दण्ड</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">संहिता</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">) is the main criminal code
of India. It is a comprehensive code, intended to cover all substantive aspects
of criminal law. It was drafted in 1860 and came into force in British India
during the early British Raj period in 1862.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The
publication of newspapers is regulated primarily by the <b>Press and Registration
of Books Act</b>, 1867. The Act seeks to regulate the operation of printing presses
and newspapers and registration and preservation of copies of such newspapers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><b>The
Indian Telegraph Act</b>, 1885 is a law in India that governs the use of
telegraphy, phones, communication, radio, telex and fax in India. It gives the
Government of India exclusive privileges of establishing, maintaining and
working telegraphs. It also authorizes the government to tap phone lines under
appropriate conditions. The act came into force on October 1, 1885.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">In 1866
the <b>Post Office Ac</b>t was enacted which was subsequently amended by Act III of
1882 and Act XVI of 1896.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">39. Identify
the correct sequence of chronological order of the following newspapers that
were launched during freedom movement:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A)
Bombay Herald, Madras Courier, Madras Gazette, Asiatic Mirror<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B)
Asiatic Mirror, Bombay Herald, Madras Courier, Madras Gazette<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C)
Madras Courier, Bombay Herald, Asiatic Mirror, Madras Gazette<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D)
Madras Gazette, Madras Courier, Bombay Herald, Asiatic Mirror<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer:-
C</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #F9F9F9; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .7pt; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1785<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Madras Courier</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">English</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Madras</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">British India</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Published
weekly at first from 1785-10-12 to around 1818, with government sanction. Its
proprietor was Richard Johnson.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1789<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bombay Herald<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">English</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bombay</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">British India</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Published
weekly from 1789 to 1792. Its proprietors are unknown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1788<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Asiatic
Mirror and Commercial Advertiser<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">English</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Calcutta</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">British India</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Published
weekly at first from 1788-02 to 1820-05. Its proprietors were C.K. Bruce and
Dr. Shoolbred.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Madras Gazette</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Published</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> in Madras: 1 January - 28 February 1795<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Here it’s masthead:- <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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</v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f">
<o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="Madras Gazette" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 97.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 465pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Madras Gazette" src="file:///C:\Users\Rikki\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<img alt="Madras Gazette" src="http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/news/einews/madras2.jpg" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Madras Courier</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> newspaper:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:imagedata cropbottom="10439f" cropleft="5403f" cropright="6660f" o:title="madras-courier-1819-01-12-1" src="file:///C:\Users\Rikki\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0cYA2EwrQIUzc6ZV2wGeV_gf7H8TqfAyXANWAP36BC6vyNuiBCopu_7SBAOL9VIWXWBwl8-M0rDrkdCkw5RiIe2TEaqFIec9exQqu3Lbm4sKeE_aAh2b0rQjWb_89_cwCWS01Zn2l90b4/s1600/madras-courier-1819-01-12-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0cYA2EwrQIUzc6ZV2wGeV_gf7H8TqfAyXANWAP36BC6vyNuiBCopu_7SBAOL9VIWXWBwl8-M0rDrkdCkw5RiIe2TEaqFIec9exQqu3Lbm4sKeE_aAh2b0rQjWb_89_cwCWS01Zn2l90b4/s1600/madras-courier-1819-01-12-1.jpg" height="640" width="464" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Asiatic mirror masthead:- <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<v:imagedata o:title="asiatic2" src="file:///C:\Users\Rikki\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<img alt="The Asiatic Mirror" src="http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/news/einews/asiatic2.jpg" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">40. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Identify the correct sequence of sales steps a PR
person should know.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A)
Creation of confidence, Interest, attention, selling the product<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B)
Selling the product, attention, interest, creation of confidence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C)
Attention, selling the product, interest, creation of confidence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D)
Attention, Interest, creation of confidence, selling the product<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer: -
D</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">It is an
easy question.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A Public
Relation person first gain attraction of its customers towards his/her product
by advertising and then creates interest of the customers in that product. Then
he will create confidence in them of buying that product and finally sell it to
them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">For
example:- Hum ek surf kharidna chahte hain to hum tv pe surf ki ads ke taraf
dhyan dete hain. Dheere dheere unme se ek ad. Me hamara interest bn jata hai.
Fir ad. Aapne dekhe he hai d”daag gayab” , “daag ache lgte hain”, “safai
dhinchak”. Ye sb use kiye jate hain taki company wale hum customer log mein ek
confidence paida kar sken ki definitely I will help us and then finally hum
unke jaal me gir kar o product kharid lete hain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">41. Match
List – I with List – II:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> List – I List – II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Name) (Area)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">a. Volney
B. Palmer 1. New Journalism</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">b. Tim
Berners-Lee 2. Advertising<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">c. Joseph
Pulitzer 3. Web<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">d. D.W.
Griffith 4. Film<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Codes :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> a b c d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A) 2 3 1 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B) 3 2 1 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C) 4 3 1 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D) 3 2 4 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer:-
A</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><b>Volney B.
Palmer </b>opened the first American advertising agency, in Philadelphia in 1850.
This agency placed ads produced by its clients in various newspapers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><b>Sir Timothy
John "Tim" Berners-Lee</b> (born 8 June 1955), also known as
"TimBL", is a British computer scientist, best known as the inventor
of the World Wide Web.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><b>Joseph
Pulitzer</b> (April 10, 1847 – October 29, 1911), born Pulitzer József, was a
Hungarian-American Jewish newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch
and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new
journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><b>David
Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith</b> (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was
an American film director, mostly remembered as the director of the 1915 film
The Birth of a Nation and the subsequent film Intolerance (1916).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">42. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Match List – I with List – II:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> List – I List – II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(Concept) (Author)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">a. W.W.
Rostow 1. Entropy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">b.
Shannon & 2.
Evolutionary Perspective<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Weaver<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">c.
Marshal 3. Growth theory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> McLuhan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">d.
Herbert Spencer 4. Medium is the
message<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Codes :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> a b </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> c </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> d</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A)
3 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B)
1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C)
2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D)
2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
1</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer:-
A</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Walt Whitman Rostow</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (also
known as Walt Rostow or W.W. Rostow) (October 7, 1916 – February 13, 2003) was
a United States economist and political theorist who served as Special
Assistant for National Security Affairs to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson in
1966–69.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Rostow is
known for his book <b>The Stages of
Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960)</b>, which was used in
several fields of social science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The <b>Shannon–Weaver</b> model of communication
has been called the "mother of all models." It embodies the concepts
of information source, message, transmitter, signal, channel, noise, receiver,
information destination, probability of error, encoding, decoding, information
rate, channel capacity, etc. <b>Shannon</b>
developed information <b>entropy</b> as a
measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing what
became known as the dominant form of "information theory."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">"The medium is the message"</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> is a phrase coined by <b>Marshall
McLuhan</b> meaning that the form of a medium embeds itself in the message,
creating a symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the
message is perceived.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Herbert Spencer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (27 April 1820
– 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist,
sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the
Victorian era.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Spencer
developed an all-embracing <b>conception of
evolution</b> as the progressive development of the physical world, biological
organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Spencer
first articulated his <b>evolutionary
perspective</b> in his essay, 'Progress: Its Law and Cause', published in
Chapman's Westminster Review in 1857, and which later formed the basis of the
First Principles of a New System of Philosophy (1862).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">43. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Match List – I with List – II:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> List – I List – II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Book) (Author)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">a.
Crystallizing Public Opinion 1. Sandra Oliver<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">b. The
Power of Corporate Communication
2. Edward L. Bernays<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">c.
Effective public relations 3. Scott M.Cutlip<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">d. Public
Relations Strategy 4. Paul A.
Argenti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Codes :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> a
b c d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A)
4 2 3
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B)
3 2
1 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C)
2 4 3
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D)
1 3 2
4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer:-
C</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">EDWARD BERNAYS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> was a press
agent and public relations consultant to many clients, including Presidents
Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge, the American Tobacco Company, General
Electric, Alcoa, the American Dental Association, Dodge Motors, the NAACP, and
many others. In 1923 wrote <b>Crystallizing
Public Relations</b>, which provided principles and practices for an emerging
profession. At New York University, he taught the first college course in
public relations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The Power of Corporate Communication</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">: Crafting the Voice and Image of Your Business <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">by <b>Paul Argenti (Author)</b>, Janis Forman
(Author)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Scott Munson Cutlip</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (July
15, 1915 in Buckhannon, West Virginia - August 18, 2000 in Madison, Wisconsin)
was a pioneer in public relations education. In 1952 he co-wrote the first
edition of <b>Effective Public Relations</b>
with Allen H. Center. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Public Relations Strategy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> A book by <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Sandra M Oliver</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Author)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">44. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Match List – I with List – II :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> List – I List – II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(Director)
(Film)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">a. Ketan
Mehta 1. Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">b. Kundan
Shah 2. Aarth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">c. Mahesh
Bhatt 3. Parinda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">d. Vidhu
Vinod Chopra 4. Mirch Masala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Codes :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> a
b c
d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A) 4 1
2 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B) 1 2 4 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C) 4 2 3 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D) 3 4 2 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer:-
A</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mirch Masala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Spices in
English) is a 1987 Hindi film directed by <b>Ketan
Mehta.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
(Devnagari: </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">जाने</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">भी</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">दो</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">यारों</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">, English: Just Let It Go, Friends) is a 1983 Hindi film directed by <b>Kundan Shah</b> and produced by NFDC. It is
a dark satire on the rampant corruption in Indian politics, bureaucracy, news
media and business, and stars an ensemble cast that includes the likes of
Naseeruddin Shah, Ravi Baswani, Om Puri, Pankaj Kapur, Satish Shah, Satish Kaushik,
Bhakti Barve and Neena Gupta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Arth</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Hindi: </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">अर्थ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">, in Meaning) is a 1982 film directed by <b>Mahesh Bhatt</b>, starring Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda, Smita
Patil, Raj Kiran and Rohini Hattangadi. It features a memorable soundtrack by
Ghazal duo, Jagjit Singh and Chitra Singh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Parinda</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Hindi: </span><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">परिंदा</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">, English: The Bird) is an award-winning 1989 Indian crime drama film
directed and produced by <b>Vidhu Vinod
Chopra</b>. It is considered by many to be the turning point in reality in
Hindi cinema, as the theme of the film discusses the real life of Indian
underworld gangsters and the general life of residents in the city of Mumbai.
The film stars Jackie Shroff, Anil Kapoor, Nana Patekar and Madhuri Dixit in
the lead roles. It won two National Film Awards and five Filmfare Awards, and
was India's official entry for the 1990 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language
Film.The movie was titled Kabutarkhana but later changed and release as
Parinda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">45. Match
List – I with List – II :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">List – I List – II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(Author) (Models)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">a. Preparation,
Implementation, Impact Model
1. Lindermann<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">b. Three
step yardstick model 2.
Watson & Noble<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">c.
Pyramid Model
3. Cutlip, Center & Broom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">d. Short
term and continuing programme model
4. McNamara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Codes :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> a b
c d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(A) 2
4 1 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(B) 3 2
4 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(C) 4 1
2 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(D) 3 1
4 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="color: red;">Answer: -
D</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">We will
study this in detail: -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Preparation, Implementation, Impact Model <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Cutlip, Center and Broom’s</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> PII Model, outlined in their widely used text, Effective Public <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Relations,
takes its name from three levels of research which they term “preparation, implementation
and impact”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Specific
research questions arise at each step in the PII Model, illustrated in Figure
below. Answering these questions with research contributes to increased
understanding and adds information for assessing effectiveness. Noble and
Watson (1999) explain: “The bottom rung (step) of preparation evaluation
assesses the information and strategic planning; implementation evaluation considers
tactics and effort; while impact evaluation gives feedback on the outcome”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A
noteworthy and pioneering element of the PII Model was the separation of
outputs from impact or outcomes and identification that these different stages
need to be researched with different methods. Also, identification of the steps
of communication – and, therefore, what should be measured at each stage or
level – is useful in guiding practitioners. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">However,
the PII Model does not prescribe methodologies, but “assumes that programs and campaigns
will be measured by social science methodologies that will be properly funded
by clients/employers” (Noble & Watson, 1999). Perhaps this is easier said
than done. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCdQcl5QK3ufEVIcftqiiSuWXsZzJrJARXl0lWPfQvODi_YO5tbAX6yX0k3N9x551IYB40h07D7SQaam9km6Ri4IAErzODrEHzymrfxp5tx3YYSBsYRug5qtn52JQ8Cxn7iy9QL4hC37ea/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCdQcl5QK3ufEVIcftqiiSuWXsZzJrJARXl0lWPfQvODi_YO5tbAX6yX0k3N9x551IYB40h07D7SQaam9km6Ri4IAErzODrEHzymrfxp5tx3YYSBsYRug5qtn52JQ8Cxn7iy9QL4hC37ea/s1600/Untitled.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 237pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 409.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">PR Effectiveness Yardstick Model or Three step
yardstick model <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Respected
US practitioner and researcher, Walter Lindenmann, has proposed an approach to research
and evaluation based on three levels of sophistication and depth, rather than
the chronological process of communication from planning through implementation
to achievement of objectives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Lindenmann
sees <b>level one</b> as evaluation of
outputs such as measuring media placements or impressions (total audience
reached).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> He terms <b>level
two</b> ‘Intermediate’ and describes this level as measuring comprehension,
retention, awareness and reception. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Level three</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> is described as
‘Advanced’ and focuses on measuring opinion change, attitude change or, at the
highest level, behavioural change. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Level One
output evaluation is the low cost, basic level, but even this should be “more
detailed than counting up media clippings or using ‘gut reactions’ which are
informal judgments lacking any rigour in terms of methodology”, Noble and
Watson (1999) explain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Intermediate
measurement criteria in Lindenmann’s PR Effectiveness Yardstick introduce a possible
fourth stage of communication – outgrowths, also referred to as out-takes by
Michael <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Fairchild
(as cited in Noble & Watson, 1999, p. 13.). This stage refers to what
audiences receive or ‘take out’ of communication activities. Several academics
and researchers support identification of this additional stage in
communication after inputs and outputs because, before audiences change their
opinion, attitudes or behaviour, they first have to receive, retain and
understand messages. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">They
point out that outgrowths or out-takes are cognitive and suggest a different
term for behavioural impact. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">However,
Lindenmann omits inputs as a stage in communication. He splits inputs into his intermediate
and advanced levels. Therefore, this model has the advantage of separating
cognitive and behavioural impact objectives, but it is not as clear that research
should begin before outputs are produced. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Like the
Cutlip et al. PII Model, Lindemann’s Effectiveness Yardstick does not specify
research methodologies to use. However, in accompanying text he broadly
outlines a mix of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques such
as media content analysis at level one; focus groups, interviews with opinion
leaders and polling of target groups at level two and, at level three (advanced),
he suggests before and after polling, observational methods, psychographic
analysis and other social science techniques such as surveys (Noble &
Watson, 1999, p. 13). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">In
presenting his model, Lindenmann (1993) supports the concept of a “cluster of
technologies” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(Dozier,
1984) or “menu” of methodologies (Macnamara, 1992) for PR research, saying: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">… It is
important to recognize that there is no one simplistic method for measuring PR
effectiveness. Depending upon which level of effectiveness is required, an
array of different tools and techniques is needed to properly assess PR impact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 323.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 375.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pyramid Model of PR Research<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A paper
titled ‘Evaluation: The Achilles Heel of the public relations profession’, an
MA thesis extract published in International Public Relations Review (Macnamara,
1992) and the 1994 International Public Relations Association (IPRA) Gold Paper
Number 11 built on the PIIModel, advocating recognition of communication
projects and programs in terms of inputs, outputs and outcomes and recommended
that each stage should be evaluated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The
Pyramid Model of PR Research, a revised version of the Macro Model of PR
Evaluation, is intended to be read from the bottom up, the base representing ‘ground
zero’ of the strategic planning process, culminating in achievement of a
desired outcome (attitudinal or behavioural).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The
pyramid metaphor is useful in conveying that, at the base when communication
planning begins, practitioners have a large amount of information to assemble
and a wide range of options in terms of media and activities. Selections and
choices are made to direct certain messages at certain target audiences through
certain media and, ultimately, achieve specific defined objectives (the peak of
the program or project). The metaphor of a pyramid is also useful to symbolise
what I have argued for more than a decade – that is, more research should be
done at the beginning and in the early stages of communication than at the end.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">In this
model, shown in Figure 18, inputs are the strategic and physical components of communication
programs or projects such as the choice of medium (eg. event, publication, Web,
etc), content (such as text and images), and decisions on format (eg. print or
electronic). Outputs are the physical materials and activities produced (ie.
media publicity, events, publications, intranets, etc) and the processes to
produce them (writing, design, etc). Outcomes are the impacts and effects of
communication, both attitudinal and behavioural. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Within
the pyramid, key steps in the communication process are shown, borrowing from
Cutlipet <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">al.
(1985). However, the Pyramid Model of PR Research goes one step further than
most other models discussed in this chapter and endeavours to be instructive
and practical by providing a list of suggested measurement methodologies for
each stage. The list of methodologies is not exhaustive, but Figure 18 shows a
quite extensive list of methods and tools available to practitioners to measure
at the various stages. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Of
particular note in this model also is the large number of research and
evaluation methodologies available to practitioners which are no cost or low
cost including: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
Secondary data (ie. existing research) which can be accessed within the
organisation (eg. market research, employee surveys, customer complaints data,
etc) or externally from the Web, the media, research services such as
Lexis-Nexis, academic journals etc; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
Advisory or consultative groups; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Online
‘chat rooms’ and other informal feedback mechanisms; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
Unstructured and semi-structured interviews; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
Readability tests on copy (eg. Fog Index, Dale-Chall, Flesch Formula, etc); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
Pre-testing (eg. PDF files of proposed publications, mock-ups of Web pages,
proposed programs for events, etc); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
Response mechanisms such as 1800 toll free numbers, competitions, or Web
visits, downloads, etc from Web statistics. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The
Pyramid Model of PR Research is theoretically sound but also practical in that
it suggests the highest level and most rigorous measurement possible, but
recognises that this will not always be feasible. By identifying a ‘menu’ of
evaluation methodologies at the communication practitioner’s disposal from
basic to advanced, or what David Dozier (1984) calls a “cluster of
technologies”, some evaluation is possible in every program and project. With
this approach, there is no excuse for having no research. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Feedback
loops are not shown on the Pyramid Model of PR Research, something which Noble and
Watson (1999) and Watson and Noble (2005) note, but it is implicit in this
model that findings from each stage of research are constantly looped back into
planning. Cutlip et al.’s stepped PII model and the Pyramid Model both suggest
that you do not proceed to the next step unless you have incorporated formal
and informal feedback gathered from the previous step. For instance, if early feedback
or formal measurement (such as pre-testing) finds that a selected medium is
inappropriate, no practitioner would reasonably proceed to distribution of
information using that medium – at least one would hope not. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The
Pyramid Model deliberately combines formative and evaluative research in the
belief that the two types of research must be integrated and work as a
continuum of information gathering and feedback in the communication process,
not as separate discrete functions. This fits with the “scientific management
of public relations” approach to research recommended by Glen Broom and David
Dozier (1990). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi82k7YbH_DslD3tfEpJhBv9mqJbFT4pR05Kssuhk8O-9xymq3zdfsP39KsN83xXxti6-PN6AdxxUvSfJPZ6LSdpOQ3mTUCW2vdyCl9_VwywqcDXb6Z-mAqPFPPzHEt_aW13GV09z9s9E_m/s1600/Untitled3333.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi82k7YbH_DslD3tfEpJhBv9mqJbFT4pR05Kssuhk8O-9xymq3zdfsP39KsN83xXxti6-PN6AdxxUvSfJPZ6LSdpOQ3mTUCW2vdyCl9_VwywqcDXb6Z-mAqPFPPzHEt_aW13GV09z9s9E_m/s1600/Untitled3333.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Unified Model of Evaluation or Short term and
continuing programme model<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Drawing
on all previously developed and published models, Paul Noble and Tom Watson
went on to develop a more sophisticated model which they titled the Unified
Model of Evaluation as shown in Figure 21. This attempted to combine the best
of other models and produce a definitive approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The
Unified Evaluation Model identifies four stages in communication by adding
Lindenmann’s and Fairchild’s concept of out-takes or outgrowths to the
three-stage concept advanced by other models. Noble and Watson prefer to call
the four stages or levels Input, Output, Impact and Effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This
supports inputs and outputs thinking in other models, but separates outcomes
into two types: cognitive which they call impact, and behavioural which they
term effect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Recognition
of the need for different research methodologies to measure cognitive and behavioural
outcomes is important, but it is not certain whether the substitution of terms
clarifies or confuses. In many cases, cognitive change such as increased
awareness or a change of attitude (which Noble and Watson call impact) can be
seen as an effect. Media effects theory (see Gauntlett, 2002; Lull, 2000; Neuendorf, 2002; Newbold et al., 2002)
certainly suggests changes to awareness and attitudes are effects. A case can
be made for the terminology used in all models and distinctions may be
splitting hairs rather than providing clarification for practitioners. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">As with
many of the other models, research methodologies are not spelled out in the
Unified Model of Evaluation. Noble and Watson (1999) point out that “the
research methodology required should be governed by the particular research
problem in the particular circumstances that apply.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Consequently,
any listing would simply be a collection of likely approaches rather than
something of universal applicability”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">All
researchers would undoubtedly agree with Noble and Watson’s statement that
there are no universally applicable research methodologies. However, by not
attempting to list methodologies applicable to various stages of communication,
practitioners are left with theoretical frameworks and a lack of practical
information on what they can do to implement the theory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> The second paper ends here with five questions
of comprehension. Ab aap log kafi hushiyaar ho to aap ye 5 swal aasani se kr
skte ho so mujhe smjhane ki zarurat nahi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Analysis
of IInd paper UGC NET Dec 2013 ends here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">***************************THE END**************************<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Vishiwjeethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06494785579975200689noreply@blogger.com4